Download AIM: What are Macromolecules?

AIM: WHAT ARE BIOMOLECULES?
DO NOW: DEFINE WHAT IS A MOLECULE
AND GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF ONE.
• There are 4 classes of large molecules that
make up the majority of living things. They are
called Macromolecules. Since macromolecules
are generally made up of many smaller
molecules and atoms, they are referred to
as polymers. Polymers are made up of smaller
units known as monomers.
The macromolecules of life made
largely from C, O, H, and N are:
carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins
For each of these 4 macromolecules, I
would like you to know:
1. What types of the polymer is it( one of
the four possible)
2. What monomers it is made of
3. What is its function in the
cells/organisms.
Biomolecules are organic molecules.
Organic molecule must always have C atom
and H atom, plus any other atoms.
Examples : Glucose (C6H12O6 ) is organic –
contains H and C, plus others.
H2O is not organic ,
CO2 is not organic,
CH is organic
Can you explain why?
Carbohydrates (polymers)
Made from joining H₂O and CO₂ by plants during
photosynthesis
Monomer: Simple sugars: (ratio of one carbon
and one oxygen to every 2 hydrogens)
Bread, cereal, potatoes, fruits, vegetables, and
pasta = are made mostly of carbohydrates (sugars
and starches).
Three main functions: energy for cells, structural
support, cell-cell communication
Functions:
• Major source of energy . Most organisms
break down glucose to release chemical
energy from it.
• Can provide structural support for some
organisms. Cell walls of plants are made from
cellulose (carbohydrate). Shells of crabs and
lobsters are made of chitin (carbohydrate)
• Cell recognition -In complex organisms cells
recognize neighboring cells by carbohydrate
molecules on the cell membranes ( like ID
tags).
• One sugar molecule is called
monosaccharide , two sugar molecules
linked together form a disaccharide
molecule. Three or more sugar molecules
linked together form polysaccharide.
• All carbohydrates consist of C, H, and O
combined in a very specific ratio : 1:2:1
(Means that for every atom of Carbon there
are twice as many Hydrogen atoms and the
same number of Oxygen atoms)
Common monosaccharide – glucose (made by plants
during photosynthesis process)
Common disaccharides – sucrose (table sugar) and
lactose ( milk sugar )
Common polysaccharides :
• Starch found in plants and consists of hundreds of
glucose molecules bonded together. We obtain starch
from the foods we eat and break it down during
digestion into glucose molecules.
• Glycogen found in animals . Extra glucose molecules
are assembled together for storage in a form of a
glycogen molecules.
Polysaccharides continue:
Glycogen found in animals . Extra glucose
molecules are assembled together for
storage in a form of a glycogen molecules.
Cellulose – structural component of the
cell wall.
AIM : What are Biomolecules ?
Do Now : Explain the difference
between mono-, di-, and
polysaccharides.
Working in a group of four divide the
Biomolecules section among you , so that
each one of you is reading and taking notes
about one of the four biomolecules.
In 10 min share your notes with the group for
10 min. Together complete the concept map.
Identify the following as mono-,di-, or polysaccharides:
1.
3.
2.
Lipids (Polymers)
• Group includes fats, waxes, steroids, and
phospholipids .
• Main function is to store energy( can do it more
efficiently than carbohydrates) and control
water movement (repel water)
• Built from simpler molecules of fatty acids and
Glycerol (monomers)
• Examples of lipids are oils, butter, cholesterol,
ear wax.
Lipids are insoluble in water. What does this
tell you about some properties of those
molecules ?
Proteins
• Provide structure and support, enable
movement, aid in transportation , and assist
in chemical reactions
• Made of amino acids ( building blocks)
• All amino acids have N atoms together with C,
O, and H.
• The body needs 20 amino acids to build all the
proteins it needs.
• Most of the amino acids we obtain from the
food we eat when we digest proteins.
• The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds
This is why proteins can be called polypeptides (if
they have more then two peptide bonds) or
dipeptides ( if they contain two bonds)
Some common, important types of protein could
include:
• Hemoglobin - carries oxygen in your red blood
cells
• Collagen - important in skin, ligaments; also used
to make gelatin!
• Keratin - hair, nails
• Insulin - regulates blood sugar levels
• Antibodies - part of your immune system that
recognize foreign invaders such as bacteria
Nucleic Acids
• Consist of long chains of Nucleotides
• A nucleotide is a molecule that consist of three
parts : a sugar, a base, and a phosphorus group.
• Store and transmit
hereditary information
• Examples are DNA and
RNA
• DNA stores instructions
for the processes of an
organism’s life.
• RNA interacts with DNA
to help to decode the
Information.
Checking your understanding:
Lipids
A . Are building blocks of proteins
Amino Acids B. Repel water
Carbohydrates C. A biomolecule consisting of
nucleotides
Nucleic Acids D. starch, cellulose, glycogen
E. Consist of fatty acids and
glycerol
F. can be monosaccharides,
disaccharides or polysaccharides.
Organic molecules
A. are natural
B. are non-chemical
C. have C and H atoms
D. are good for us
AIM : How Do chemical Reactions
Occur in Living Things?
Do Now :
List all forms of energy you have
learned about before
Chemical Reactions
A reactant – the substance that is changed
A product – a new substance that is formed
Every chemical reaction requires a minimum amount
of kinetic energy . This amount of energy is called
Activation Energy.
-Chemical reactions can occur only when the
activation energy is available and the correct atoms
are aligned.
-Conservation of matter law -Matter is neither created
nor destroyed in any change.
-Conservation of energy law- Energy may change from
one form to another, but the total amount of energy
does not change.
Name the reactants and the product in this reaction.
Enzymes
• Large group of molecules which belongs to the protein group
• Major function is to increase the rate of chemical reactions.
• Called Catalysts (speed up reactions)
• Hold molecules close together and in correct orientation
speeding up a chemical reaction and lowering the amount of
energy needed for it to start.
•
Substrates- molecules involved
•
in a chemical reaction.
(Reactants)
• Enzymes fit with the reactants like a lock fits the
key
• The reaction takes place on the region called
active site.
• The shape of the enzyme is very specific . Enzyme
that helps molecules A and B to produce D
cannot work with any other molecules.
• If the shape of the enzyme is changed it can no
longer work ( think of a lock being damaged- the
key would not work)
• Change in pH and temperature can change a
protein’s shape.
• Enzymes are essential in maintaining
Homeostasis