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processes and mechanisms Sexual Selection evolutionary events objects acts through Individuals causing acts through Natural Selection evidences Differential Reproduction experiments and field studies builds can lead to Development provides recipes for Genes (genomes) dna/protein sequences neutral changes Changes in Gene Frequency affects leading to can lead to Generation of Genetic Diversity anatomy and fossils Populations can separate Speciation biogeography Geographical Isolation Genetic Drift affects producing Evolutionary Change cellular and developmental processes Re-Versed Lyrics Copyright © 1997 Nancy L. Mari "Evolution" (sung to the tune of "Revolution“ by The Beatles) You say believe in evolution - well, you know… It's a thought-provoking view I think it's a convolution, well, you know… Of what God had planned to do But when you say that there's no master plan I think you probably just don't understand Underneath there's gotta be design Underneath there's gotta be design Underneath there's gotta be design You think it's the explanation - well, you know… The reason we exist today It causes me some consternation, well, you know… That chance can be the only way But then you start talkin' about the natural laws How can chance possibly be their cause? Underneath there's gotta be design Underneath there's gotta be design Underneath there's gotta be design… An Information Flow in Biology Primer replication (mutation!) genes Nucleic acids ~ “software” DNA (nucleotides) transcription messages RNA (nucleotides) translation Protein (amino acids) ~ “hardware” An Evolution by Natural Selection Primer • Mutations (hence new varieties) do not arise because they are needed -- they arise by chance • Mutations merely furnish random raw material for evolution, and rarely, if ever determine the course of the process • Natural selection is the differential reproduction of genotypes (genes) • Evolution is the change in the genetic composition of a population over time – “Natural Selection is not Evolution” – Ronald Fisher, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection time species gene frequency Chapter VI Chapter VI Chapter VI …Organs of extreme perfection and complication. -To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest possible degree. …Organs of extreme perfection and complication. -To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, abserd in the highest possible degree. …Organs of extreme perfection and complication. -To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, abserd in the highest possible degree. Yet reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and simple, each grade being useful to its possessor, can be shown to exist; if further, the eye does vary ever so slightly, and the variations be inherited, which is certainly the case; and if any variation or modification in the organ be ever useful to an animal under changing conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperable by our imagination, can hardly be considered real. … Yet reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and simple, each grade being useful to its possessor, can be shown to exist; if further, the eye does vary ever so slightly, and the variations be inherited, which is certainly the case; and if any variation or modification in the organ be ever useful to an animal under changing conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperible by our imagination, can hardly be considered real. … Yet reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and simple, each grade being useful to its possesser, can be shown to exist; if further, the eye does vary ever so slightly, and the variations be inherited, which is certainly the case; and if any variation or modification in the organ be ever useful to an animal under changing conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperible by our imagination, can hardly be considered real. … Chapter VI Chapter VI Chapter VI …Organs of extreme perfection and complication. -To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, abserd in the highest possible degree. …Organs of extreme perfection and complication. -To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, abserd in the highest possible degree. Yet reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and simple, each grade being useful to its possessor, can be shown to exist; if further, the eye does vary ever so slightly, and the variations be inherited, which is certainly the case; and if any variation or modification in the organ be ever useful to an animal under changing conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperable by our imagination, can hardly be considered real. … Yet reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and simple, each grade being useful to its possessor, can be shown to exist; if further, the eye does vary ever so slightly, and the variations be inherited, which is certainly the case; and if any variation or modification in the organ be ever useful to an animal under changing conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperible by our imagination, can hardly be considered real. … Yet reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and simple, each grade being useful to its possesser, can be shown to exist; if further, the eye does vary ever so slightly, and the variations be inherited, which is certainly the case; and if any variation or modification in the organ be ever useful to an animal under changing conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperible by our imagination, can hardly be considered real. … …Organs of extreme perfection and complication. -To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, abserd in the highest possible degree. Chapter VI Chapter VI Chapter VI Chapter VI Chapter VI Chapter VI Creationism • • • • • Young Earth Creationism Old Earth Creationism Progressive Creationism Evolutionary Creationism Intelligent Design Creationism Design in Nature Intelligent Design (engineer) • a preconceived plan • new blueprints, new tools for new innovations • perfection is achieved, at least perfection made possible with current technology Natural Selection (tinkerer) • direction not planned • new innovations utilize existing material and tools (a variety of solutions to a problem is expected) • imperfection expected Chapter VI …Organs of extreme perfection and complication. -- To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest possible degree. Yet reason tells me, that if numerous gradations from a perfect and complex eye to one very imperfect and simple, each grade being useful to its possessor, can be shown to exist; if further, the eye does vary ever so slightly, and the variations be inherited, which is certainly the case; and if any variation or modification in the organ be ever useful to an animal under changing conditions of life, then the difficulty of believing that a perfect and complex eye could be formed by natural selection, though insuperable by our imagination, can hardly be considered real.… Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species