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A&P Histology
Tissues
Histology
• What is
histology?
Histology is the study of tissues
• What is a
tissue?
A group of similar cells
Ususally have a common embryonic
origin
Work together to carry out
specialized activities
Histology
• What types of
tissues are
there?
Epithelial:

covers body surfaces
 Lines hollow organs and body
cavities
 Forms glands
Histology
• What types of
tissues are
there?
Connective tisssue

protects and supports the body
and organs
 Binds organs together
 Stores energy (fat)
 Provide immunity
Histology
• What types of
tissues are
there?
Muscular tissue

generates force needed to
make the body move
Histology
• What types of
tissues are
there?
Nervous tissue

detects changes inside and
outside body
 Responds by generating action
potentials
 Helps maintain homeostasis
(constant internal environment)
Histology
• Cell junctions
Contact points between the plasma
membranes of tissue cells
Joins cells into functional units
Histology
• Adherens
junctions
Contain plaque- a dense layer of proteins
inside the plasma membrane
Plaque attaches to transmembrane proteins
and the cytoskeleton
Help epithelial cells resist separation
Classwork/homework
Classwork: Copy figure 4.2 on page 85 in blue book
(This is 4.1 on page 109 in red book). Include the
definitions of tight junction, gap junction,
desmosome, hemidesmosome
Homework: Read pages 108-110. Do #1,2 on page 108
and #3,4 on page 110.
Epithelium
• Structural
features of
epithelium
Cells are closely
packed
Cell junctions secure
cells tightly to each
other at lateral (side
to side) surfaces
Avascular: lacks
blood vessels
Epithelium
• Structural
features of
epithelium
Has nerve supply
Microvilli may be
present for
secretion or
absorption
Cilia may be
present for moving
substances along
Epithelium
• Basement
membrane
Basal (bottom) surfaces
of epithelial cells attach
by a basement
membrane to underlying
connective tissue
Basal lamina: membrane
made of collagen and
laminin, right under
epithelial cells
Reticular lamina: below
basal lamina
Epithelium
Single layer of flat cells
• Simple
squamous
epithelia
Centrally located
nucleus
Function: filtration,
diffusion, secretion
Found where
absorption takes place
Also reduces friction
(slick, slippery surface)
Epithelium
• Simple
cuboidal
epithelia
Single layer of
cube shaped cells
Centrally located
nucleus
Function:
secretion,
absorption
Found in
pancreas, kidney,
ovary
Epithelium
• Simple
columnar
epithelia
Single layer of
column like cells
Nuclei near base
of cells
Function:
secretion and
absorption
Epithelium
• Ciliated
simple
columnar
epithelium
Single layer of
column like cells
Has cilia
Nuclei near base
Function: moves
mucus and other
substances
Epithelium
• Pseudostratified
columnar
epithelium
Not really stratified
(layered)
All cells attached to
basement membrane
Nuclei are anywhere
Function: secretion,
move mucus
Epithelium
Several layers
• Stratified
squamous
epithelia
Basal (bottom) layers are cuboidal
Apical layers are squamous
Function: protection
Classwork/homework
Classwork: paste in figure of epithelial cells and label.
Include the name of each tissue, one or more
location, one or more function.
Color (code for yourself) these structures: nucleus,
cytoplasm, basement membrane
Homework: read pages 110-121. Do page 121 #7
Connective Tissue
Most abundant tissue in body
• Features
Consists of cells and extracellular
matrix
Extracellular matrix : protein fibers
and ground substance (material
between cells and fibers).
Extracellular matrix is secreted by the
connective tissue, helps determine
properties of the tissue
Connective Tissue
binds together
• Functions
supports
strengthens other tissues
protects,
insulates
transport system
Connective TissueTypes
Made of collagen fibers, mast cells, fat cells,
fibroblasts, macrophages, elastic fibers
• Loose
Connective
Tissue
Found beneath dermis of skin,
digestive/respiratory/urinary tracts, between
muscles, around blood vessels, around joints
Function: protection (physical, immunity) and
support
Connective TissueTypes
Made of adipocytes (fat cells)
• Adipose
Found beneath dermis of skin, behind
eyeballs, around kidneys.
Function: protection (physical),
insulation, energy storage
Connective TissueTypes
Made of collagen fibers
• Dense
connective
tissue
Found in tendons, ligaments, covering
skeletal muscles and organs
Function: attachment, movement, reduce
friction, stabilization
Connective TissueTypes
• Cartilage
Made of ground
substance, collagen
fibers,
chondrocytes
(cartilage cells)
Found around
bones
Function: support,
reduces friction,
prevents bone-tobone contact
Connective TissueTypes
• Bone
Made of osteocytes
(bone cells), blood
vessels
Found in skeletal
system, ear
Function: support,
protection, blood
formation,
movement
Connective TissueTypes
• Liquid
connective
tissue
Made of blood
plasma, red blood
cells, white blood
cells, platelets
Found within
blood vessels
Function:
transport gases,
immunity, repair
Classwork/Homework
Classwork: Label figures with name of tissue, one or
more location, one or more function. Color (you
decide color code) these structures: nucleus,
cytoplasm, fat globule (H only)
Homework: read pages 125-132. Do page 132 #13
Muscle Tissue
• Features
Elongated cells called muscle
fibers.
• Functions
Produces body movements,
maintains posture, generates
heat, provides protection
Muscle Tissue
• Skeletal
muscle
tissue
Attached to bones
Striationsalternating light and
dark bands
Voluntary
Muscle Tissue
• Cardiac
muscle
tissue
Forms most of the
wall of the heart
Muscle fibers are
branched
Striations
Involuntary
Muscle Tissue
• Smooth
muscle
tissue
Found in the walls of
hollow internal
structures (blood
vessels, airways, the
stomach, etc)
Lack striations
Involuntary
Function: control flow
of fluids through
these areas
Nervous Tissue
• Nervous
tissue
Made of neurons (nerve cells) and
neuroglia (support cells).
Found throughout the nervous system
Function: convert stimuli/responses to
action potentials
Classwork/Homework
Classwork: paste in figure of muscle and nerve cells
and label. Include the name of each tissue, one or
more location, one or more function.
Homework: RED BOOK read pages 134-137. Do pages
136 #12,18 and 127 #19
Additional Vocabulary
• Areolar
Connective
Tissue
A type of loose connective tissue.
It contains many types of cells
(fibroblasts, white blood cells, etc) as well
as fibers.
Forms the subcutaneous layer with
addipose.
Additional Vocabulary
• Hyaline
cartilage
Ground substance, gel.
Appears bluish white, shiny.
Additional Vocabulary
• Dense
Connective
Tissue
(Regular vs
Irregular)
Regular: arranged in parallel patterns.
Found in tendons and ligaments.
Irregular: not parallel. Found beneath
skin, around muscles and organs.