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The New Asia SSWH18:d;19:e; 20:d. Time and Geography POLITICAL Mao’s China • Chairman Mao – Creator of Chinese communism – Believed correct path to socialism was through revolutionary peasantry – Extremely distrustful of intellectuals Mao Zedong Mao’s China • Rural policies – At first, regime instituted basic policies to keep control • Expropriated land, redistributed and collectivized it • Peasants did not resist, regarded government as legitimate authority – Commune became basis of rural production, government, with disastrous results; eventually abolished • Unclear responsibilities • Food production barely matched growing population; mass famine was inevitable Statue of young Mao in Changsha, the capital of Hunan Law and Government ECONOMIC China • Industrialization – Emphasized heavy industry at expense of consumer goods – Great Leap Forward • Attempt at overnight mass industrialization • Enormously costly failure • Accelerated growing gap between Chinese, Russia Backyard furnaces in China during the Great Leap Forward era. POLITICAL China • Sino-Soviet conflict – Russians criticized Mao for trying to be another “Great Father” like Stalin – Mao told Russians they had strayed from revolutionary path and that he intended to be spokesman for masses – Rift was very visible by time of Cuban Missile Crisis The Soviet T-62 tank captured by the Chinese during the 1969 clash, now on display at the Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution • Mao wanted to create new relationship between party, people, revolutionary power • Attack aimed primarily at intellectuals • Wanted to introduce permanent, self-perpetuating revolution • Used Red Guards to rid China of reverence for tradition, make war on older generations The Chinese People's Liberation Army is the great school of Mao Zedong Thought, 1969. A poster from the Cultural Revolution, featuring an image of Chairman Mao, and published by the government of the People's Republic of China Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution • 3-4 years of barely controlled anarchy, severe damage to economy • Mao’s “Little Red Book” became required reading • Called off Red Guards, used army to handle everyday affairs • Continued tensions with Russians – Amur River War • Cultural Revolution survived until Mao’s death – Was then condemned as mistake – Party officials began putting Mao’s contributions into historical perspective Red Guards on the cover of an elementary school textbook. Recent China • Deng Xiaoping – Determined to return China to “normal” socialism – Prosperity gradually spread – Particularly interested in establishing better relations with foreign capitalists Deng Xiaoping ECONOMIC Recent China • Rise of China - an important economic power – – – – 1984 to 2004, GDP increased avg.9.7%/year Fastest growing economy - world’s sixth highest Problems: disparities in income - urban and rural Civil servants and professionals (teachers and physicians) grossly underpaid than private sector – Public corruption pervasive problem - resentment, wealth by whatever means Recent China • China/US relations warmed – Increased interest in understanding US better – Progress in opening country to foreigners, democratizing Communist Party POLITICAL Recent China • Tiananmen Square Massacre – Spread of freedoms frightened party leaders – Students demonstrators erected a “Goddess of Democracy” statue in Beijing – China reasserted Party control, army fired and killed hundreds, perhaps thousands Chinese man blocking a line of tanks during demonstrations in Tiananmen Square US/China Relations • Have remained ambivalent • Problem areas – US military alliances with Japan, South Korea – Taiwan is particularly sore spot • Both sides have realized importance of maintaining cooperative relations – US supports China’s membership in World Trade Organization – Common ground in War on Terror US President Barack Obama shaking hands with Chinese President Xi Jinping ECONOMIC China’s Relations with Pariahs • Spectacular Industrial expansion – Aggressive international search for raw materials – Courting international pariahs, Iran and Sudan for oil – China a barrier to UN’s ability to curb Iran’s nuclear ambitions or Sudan’s genocidal actions – China (and Russia) reluctant to impose economic sanctions • China allied with US, Japan, and Russia in exerting pressure on North Korea to halt its development of nuclear bombs POLITICAL Postwar Japan to 1952 • Defeat and occupation – Constructive shock, unleashed energy and innovative thinking – Economy rebounded quickly The bombing of Nagasaki Postwar Japan to 1952 • Occupation – American-supervised under MacArthur – Native government allowed to function, but limited – Japanese accepted reform decrees in politics, social matters – Japanese accepted new basis for social, political organization – New constitution formed a government similar to British, with emperor as symbol only Gen. Douglass MacArthur Postwar Japan to 1952 • Korean War – US went from conqueror to protector – Armed forces recognized as essential for protecting disarmed Japan Crew of an M-24 tank along the Nakdong River front, August 1950 Independent Japan • 1952, Japan became independent again – Signed alliance allowing US to maintain bases – Liberal party was major force in postwar politics, dominated by big business Picture of Hirohito and MacArthur ECONOMIC Independent Japan • Economic progress benefited from several developments Cheap oil – Spending on housing, pensions etc. instead of military – Korean War stimulated industry – Cheap oil – International credit institutions eager to lend money Economic Progress • Internal progress – World’s highest savings rate, reinvested in industry – Disciplined, skilled, educated labor force – Labor pool also meant larger market – Labor worked with employers rather than as adversaries • Result of government support of business – Money available for research, development – Zaibatsu re-established, more powerful than before – Industry, government made major efforts to expand foreign trade • Result was highest growth rate in the world, 1970-75 Japanese-made TV sets during the economic boom Japan 1980’s to Present • 1980s - slower rate of growth: • Competition in global markets by other Asian countries – Big loan defaults – Government-business corruption weakened capacities and selfconfidence – 1990s, Japanese recession - not yet overcome; better in 2006 Japan is currently facing a recession See Notes for Video Japan 1980’s to Present Japan/China Relationship: • 1890s through World War II, Japan was an occupier and aggressor • Now, China reluctant to share world power standing with old enemy • But, competition has been peaceful, even cooperative • Each country is the other’s second biggest trading partner, but disputes over oil rights in the East China Sea • China is a nuclear and aerospace power • Japan, perhaps ominously, is starting to pursue its own nuclear and space programs China vs. Japan POLITICAL India • Severe social, economic problems, but solved politically • Nehru – Believed western-style industrialization was necessary – Also wanted to use strong hand in dealing with Pakistan, kept India on semi-war footing over Kashmir – Moderate democratic socialism, mix of state ownerships and private enterprise – Relatively successful for some, but poverty was widespread – Biggest problem was overpopulation Jawaharlal Nehru India • Indira Gandhi – First female prime minister in Asia – Dictatorial style led to conflicts, turned out of office, returned in 1980 See Notes for Video RELIGIOUS India • Increased ethnic, religious friction – – – – Hindus and Muslims Conflict with Pakistan nearly caused nuclear war Sikhs demanding autonomy Tamil, Sinhalese conflict • Democratic government has held together – Monolithic party – Army has not gotten involved in politics ECONOMIC India Today • Economic expansion on a stupendous scale • 1994-2004, GDP grown at an average of 6.1% a year • Foresight in investments in technical and professional training for its best minds • West companies “outsourcing” skilled jobs to well-trained Indians who work for a fraction of US/European wages and benefits • Hurdles to Expansion – keeping up with the demand for highly trained graduates – electrical grid that is vulnerable to frequent shutdowns POLITICAL Pakistan and Bangladesh • West and East Pakistan created out of Muslim minority • Suffered severe handicaps – Underdeveloped countries – No infrastructure – Few leaders • East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971, one of poorest countries in world See Notes for Video East and West Pakistan before 1971 Pakistan and Bangladesh • East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971, one of poorest countries in world • Pakistan’s problems – Afghani refugees – Tribalism in north, hotbed of Islamic extremism, origins of the Taliban Taliban fighters SOCIAL/ ECONOMIC Society and Economy POLITICAL Southeast Asia since World War II • Area of stark contrasts – – – – Areas of violence, other areas of peace Communist governments in French Indochina Indonesian independence was peaceful Unsuccessful minority rebellions in Burma, Thailand Southeast Asia since World War II • Vietnam War began as nationalist rebellion against French – Ho Chi Minh’s guerrillas drove out French – Communist government established in north – US took over French role in south, installed puppet government, planned elections (never held) See Notes for Video Vietnam War • Kennedy decided to prevent communist takeover • Johnson determined to conclude what was then a small-scale war – By 1968, there were half million US troops in Vietnam – US national debate over war, sharp decline of white liberal support Lyndon Johnson John F. Kennedy Vietnam War • Nixon opted to withdraw forces – Peace signed in 1973, South Vietnamese took over their own defense – North and South united in 1975 Richard Nixon Post-Vietnam War • In Vietnam – Diplomatic limbo - Russia, China unwilling to support them – Renewed fear of Chinese dominance – Now seeking economic aid from anybody • Changes in US – Influenced views about government, public affairs – Protest movements, resistance – To many of today’s generation, invasion of Iraq seems to be Vietnam revisited Progress and Promise of Future Prosperity • “Four Little Tigers” – South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Hong Kong – Superior growth rates, information-based economies – Being joined by Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia • Government priorities are to foment rapid growth based on modified free market • Vital part of global exchange ECONOMIC Transition to a Modern Economy • Major danger is still overpopulation • Partly countered by steady industrial growth • Hong Kong, Singapore are most successful • More democracy developing in South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia • Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam are still on the bottom rung Discussion Questions 1. 2. What comparisons can you make between Russia’s Stalin and China’s Mao? Which leader was more successful at making communist rule permanent in his country? What was the final outcome in each of these countries? What mark did these men leave on their national histories? Japan’s postwar development was a modern economic miracle. How do you explain it? How and why did Japan become an economic superpower in less than 30 years? What lessons can the Japanese experience teach other countries emerging from warfare and chaos? Be specific.