Download CASE/USAGE ROUND-UP JENNEY`S LESSONS 1

CASE/USAGE ROUND-UP
JENNEY’S LESSONS 1-12
NOMINATIVE
1.nom./SUBJECT
- the subject of a sentence is the noun or pronoun that does the action (so we can
more properly call it the subject of the verb)
- the subject will always be in the nominative case
- DO NOT EXPECT the subject to be the first noun in the sentence; it can be
placed in the beginning, middle or end of a sentence
e.g. Troia est patria in Asiâ
In villâ puellae dormiunt.
2. nom./PREDICATE
-a PREDICATE NOMINATIVE is used to name, identify or define the subject
- a PREDICATE NOMINATIVE can only be used in a sentence that also has a
COPULA (linking verb); think of the copula as an "equal sign" (=) that balances the
equation: nominative = nominative
e.g.
Troia est patria.
Helena est fêmina.
ADDENDUM
-The PASSIVE VOICE of MaNiaCC verbs can function as a simple COPULA!
e.g. Priamus erat dominus Troiae.
Priamus vocabatur dominus Troiae.
In these two sentences, erat and vocabatur
analogous: both are copulas!
GENITIVE
1. Gen./POSSESSION
- the Genitive case answers the question "whose?"
- English uses an apostrophe or the word "of "
- be careful in your use of the apostrophe; make sure you know whether the
genitive is singular or plural!
are
e.g.
Puellârum villa in silvâ est.
Regina Troiae est Hecuba.
DATIVE
1.Dat./INDIRECT OBJECT
- only used with verbs of giving, showing, telling
- identifies the person to whom something is given, shown, or told
- English uses the preposition "to" or specific word order
e.g. 1. Aeneas reginae fabulam narrat.
2. Santa lîberîs bonîs multa dona dabit.
2. Dat./ REFERENCE
- used to identify a person who benefits or suffers because of an action. (Or, to whose
advantage or disadvantage an action is performed.)
- English uses various prepositions to show this, as per the examples
e.g. 1. Nostris filiabus magnam villam aedificamus.
2. Graeci Troiam occupabant Troianîs.
ACCUSATIVE
1. Acc./ DIRECT OBJECT
The direct object of the verb is the noun (or pronoun) that "gets verbed" or (as English
teachers put it) "receives the action" of the verb.
The direct object of the verb typically precedes the verb of which it is the object.
A verb that governs a direct object is said to be "TRANSITIVE"; one that does not is called
"INTRANSITIVE"
e.g. Troiam amant Aeneas et Creusa.
Poeta fabulam narrat.
2. Acc./PLACE TO WHICH (motion toward)
-always used with a preposition: ad, in, sub
-answers the question "Whither? Where to?"
-typically a verb of motion will be used in the same clause
e.g. Ambulamus in silvam.
Navigant ad Asiam.
3. Acc/MaNiaCC (aka "Predicate Accusative")
Only ever used with verbs of
Making
Naming
Calling
Choosing
And there will always be an Acc./Dir.Obj. in the same clause
This usage is to show exactly what the subject makes, names, calls, or chooses the
Acc./Dir.Obj.
e.g. Vocamus reginam Troiae Hecubam.
Nominamus filiam "Jicamam".
ADDENDUM to the note on Acc./PREDICATE
-The PASSIVE VOICE of MaNiaCC verbs can function as a simple COPULA!
e.g. Priamus erat dominus Troiae.
Priamus vocabatur dominus Troiae.
In these two sentences, erat and vocabatur are analogous: both are copulas!
ABLATIVE
1. Abl./PLACE WHERE
- Answers the question "where?"
- Always requires the preposition in, so this usage always occurs in prepositional
phrases.
- English uses "in" or "on"
e.g.
Troia in Asiâ est.
In silvâ est vîlla.
2. Abl./ACCOMPANIMENT
answers the question "with whom?"
requires the preposition cum (= "with)
typically the abl./accompaniment will be a person, not a thing
e.g. Cum filiâ habitat.
3. Abl./PLACE FROM WHICH (motion away from)
- always uses a preposition: ex, de, ab
- answers the question "Whence? From where?
- typically a verb of motion will be found in the clause
e.g. Ambulamus ê silvâ.
Navigant ab Asiâ.
4. Abl./MEANS
- Used to identify the means, tool or instrument by which an action is accomplished
- Always refers to a thing; never refers to a person
- NO PREPOSITION IN LATIN; English uses by, with, by means of, etc.
e.g.
1. Aeneas et Troiani navigabant navigiîs.
2. Verbîs bonîs fabulam longam narrabo.
3. Troianos Graeci superabant auxilio deorum.
5. Abl./Personal Agency ("Bahoom!)
-ab (â) + ablative
- Only used with Passive Voice verbs
- Answers the question "By whom?"
- Only used for people ("Personal Agency")
-Requires the "Three P's"
1. Passive voice verb
2. Person
3. Prepabsition "ab/â"
e.g. Fabula narrabâtur ab Aeneâ.
Servi lîberabuntur a dominîs.
APPOSITION
When a noun is placed next to (i.e. "apposed to") another noun for the purpose of
identifying or defining the noun, it is said to be in apposition to it.
Such an appositive must agree with the noun to which it is in apposition in case only - not
necessarily in gender or even number!
English sometimes uses the preposition "of" to show apposition; Latin uses no preposition.
e.g. Hecuba, regina Troiae, habitat in Troiâ, patriâ in Asiâ.
Cum Creusâ, reginae filiâ, ambulat Aeneâs.
Terra Troia non est in Europâ.