Download life standards answer key

LIFE SCIENCE
NYS Standards
Directions: Listed below are some of the New York State Core Curriculum Standards for
Intermediate Science. In sixth grade we are responsible for learning these standards.
Each standard is numbered in accordance with the NYS Core Curriculum and has nothing to
do with chapters or sections found in the textbooks we will be using. I have based the
questions on these standards to assess your understanding. I am responsible for teaching
you each of these standards and you are responsible for answering each of the questions
to prove that you understand the standard.
Standard #4: Living Environment: 1.1 a: Living things are composed of cells. Cells
provide the structure and carry on the major functions to sustain life. Cells are usually microscopic in size.
1. A piece of wood (DOES or doesn’t) contain cells.
1.1 b: The way in which cells function is similar in all living things. Cells grow, divide, thereby producing
more cells. This requires that they take in nutrients, which they use to provide energy for the work that
cells do and to make the materials that a cell or organism needs.
2. The CELL MEMBRANE organelle allows nutrients and other
materials to enter and leave the cell.
3. The MITOCHONDRIA organelle controls the production of energy.
1.1 c: Most cells have cell membranes, genetic material, and cytoplasm. Some cells have a cell wall and/or
chloroplast. Many cells have a nucleus.
4. Plant cells (do ) a cell wall.
5. An organism whose cell does not have a nucleus is bacteria
. Their DNA is found FREELY FLOATING AROUND OR IN A PLASMID .
6. The genetic material of an animal and plant cell is located in the
NUCLEUS .
1.1 d: Some organisms are single-celled while others, including humans, are multicellular.
7. An organism that is single-celled is a PARAMECIUM, BACTERIA etc.
8. An organism that is multicellular is a DOG.
1.1 e: Cells are organized for more effective functioning in multicellular organisms. Levels of organization
for structure and function of a multicellular organism include cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
9. The correct order for the levels of organization are
cELLS, t ISSUES, oRGANS oRGAN SYSTEMS and
oRGANISM.
Living Environment -NYS Standards - continued
1.2 j The male and female reproductive systems are responsible for producing sex cells necessary for the
production of offspring.
10. The male sex cells are called SPERM. They contain (1/2 )the # of
chromosomes found in body cells.
11. The female sex cells are called EGGS. They contain (1/2 ) the #
of chromosomes found in body cells.
12. The ratio of the number of chromosomes in body cells to: the
number of chromosomes in the sex cells is 2 : 1 because THE SEX CELLS
ONLY CONTAIN HALF THE NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES FOUND IN
BODY CELLS BECAUSE THE SEX CELLS JOIN TOGETHER TO MAKE A
ZYGOTE. IF THEY DIDN’T THEN THE ORGANISM WOULD END UP
WITH DOUBLE THE AMOUNT OF CHROMOSOMES WHEN THE EGG
AND SPERM JOINED TOGETHER.
1.2 j Disease breaks down the structures or functions of an organism. Some diseases are the result of
failures of the system. Other diseases are the result of damage by infection from other organisms (germ
theory). Specialized cells protect the body from infectious disease. The chemicals they produce identify
and destroy microbes that enter the body.
13. Genetic mutations like Sickle- Cell Anemia ( are not) contagious.
2.1 a: Hereditary information is contained in genes, composed of a molecule known as DNA and located in the
chromosomes of cells.
14. Chromosomes are made of DNA.
15. Genes are located on CHROMOSOMES.
16. The different forms of a gene are called ALLELES.
17. DNA is made up of 4 nitrogen bases ADENINE, THYMINE, GUANINE,
and CYTOSINE; a SUGAR molecule, PHOSPHATE groups and a HYDROGEN
bond.
2.1 b: Each gene carries a single unit of information. A single inherited trait of an individual can be
determined by one pair or by many pairs of genes. A human cell contains many thousands of different genes.
18. An example of a trait that is determined by one gene is WIDOW’ S
PEAK,TONGUE ROLLER, DIMPLES, MID-DIGIT HAIR, CLEFT CHIN
19. An example of a trait that is determined by more than one gene is
HAIR COLOR, COLOR OF EYES, VOICE ETC. . ..
THERE ARE MORE THAN TWO VARIATIONS
I know this because,
Living Environment - NYS Standards - continued
2.1 c: Each human cell contains a copy of all the genes needed to produce a human being.
20. Each cell contains about 30,000 genes.
2.1 d: In asexual reproduction, all the genes come from a single parent. Asexually produced offspring are
genetically identical to the parent.
ASEXUAL
22. The genetic material of the daughter cell is (identical ) to the genetic
material of the parent cell.
2.1 e: In sexual reproduction typically half of the genes come from each parent. Sexually produced
offspring are not identical to either parent.
23. If you and your sibling(s) have the same parents, why don’t you look
exactly alike?
SINCE YOU ONLY RECEIVE A COPY OF HALF THE CHROMOSOMES
ROM EACH PARENT YOUR SIBLINGS COULD HAVE GOTTEN
DIFFERENT CHROMOSOMES.
2.2 a: In all organisms, genetic traits are passed on from generation to generation.
24. The major cause of variation within a species is (asexual
reproduction or SEXUAL) reproduction.
2.2 b: Some traits are dominant and some are recessive. Some traits are inherited by mechanisms other
than dominance and recessiveness.
25. An example of a dominant and recessive trait you have is
________________ and ___________________.
26. Besides our genetic makeup, another factor that affects our
characteristics is OUR ENVIRONMENT.
Living Environment - NYS Standards - continued
2.2 c: The probability of traits being expressed can be determined using models of genetic inheritance.
Some models of prediction are pedigree charts and Punnett squares.
27. The type of reproduction represented using a Punnett square is
(asexual reproduction or SEXUAL REPRODUCTION).
3.1 a: The processes of sexual reproduction and mutations have given rise to a variety of traits within a
species.
28. A mutation is A CHANGE IN THE ORDER OF DNA
29. How would humans look if they reproduced asexually? EXACTLY
ALIKE
3.1 b: Changes in environmental conditions can affect the survival of individual organisms with a particular
trait. Small differences between parents and offspring can accumulate in successive generations so that
descendants are very different from their ancestors. Individual organisms with certain traits are more
likely to survive and have offspring than individuals without those traits.
30. Why did some of the bacteria in our experiment at the DNA lab in
Cold Spring Harbor survive while some of them didn’t? THE BACTERIA
THAT DIDN’T SURVIVE DID NOT RECEIVE THE GENE TO BE
RESISTANT TO ANTIBIOTICS AND THEREFORE WAS KILLED BY
THE ANTIBIOTICS ON THE PETRI DISH
3.1 c: Human activities such as selective breeding and advances in genetic engineering may effect the
variations of species.
31. An example of selective breeding is LABRADODLE
32. An example of genetic engineering is TRANSFORMED BACTERIA
4.1 c: Methods of sexual reproduction depend upon the species. All methods involve the merging of sex cells
to begin the development of a new individual. In many species, including plants and humans, eggs and sperm
are produced.
33. In humans when the egg and sperm merge a ZYGOTE is formed.
4.2 a: The male sex cell is the sperm. The female sex cell is the egg. The fertilization of an egg by a sperm
results in a fertilized egg.
34. The fertilization of an egg by a sperm is (asexual or SEXUAL)
reproduction.
4.2 b: In sexual reproduction, sperm and egg each carry one-half of the genetic information for the new
individual. Therefore, the fertilized egg contains genetic information from each parent.
35. A male chimpanzee has 48 chromosomes in each of its regular body
cells. There are 24 chromosomes in each of his sperm cells.
Living Environment - NYS Standards - continued
4.3 a: Multicellular organisms exhibit complex changes in development, which begin after fertilization. The
fertilized egg undergoes numerous cellular divisions that will result in a multicellular organism, with each
cell having identical genetic information.
36. DNA makes an exact copy of itself through a process called
REPLICATION.
4.3 b: In humans, the fertilized egg grows into tissue which develops into organs and organ systems before
birth.
37. New body cells are made through this type of cell division (meiosis
or MITOSIS)
.
4.3 c: Various body structures and functions change as an organism goes through its life cycle.
38. A body structure that may change over time is EYE SIGHT.
4.3 d: Patterns of development vary among animals. In some species the young resemble the adult, while in
others they do not. Some insects and amphibians undergo metamorphosis as they mature.
39. An insect that undergoes metamorphosis is A FRUIT FLY. The
stages of its metamorphosis are EGG, LARVA, PUPA, AND ADULT
40. An animal that undergoes metamorphosis is A FROG. The stages of
its metamorphosis are EGG, TADPOLE, ADULT FROG.
4.4 a: In multicellular organisms, cell division is responsible for growth , maintenance, and repair. In some
one-celled organisms, cell division is a method of asexual reproduction.
41 No matter what your age is, your body cells need to constantly
replicate to MAKE NEW CELLS TO REPLACE OLD CELLS.
4.4 b: In one type of cell division, chromosomes are duplicated and then separated into two identical and
complete sets to be passed to each of the two resulting cells. In this type of cell division, the heredity
information is identical in all the cells that result.
42. The cells produced during mitosis are IDENTICAL to one another
because they both have THE SAME DNA.
4.4 d: Cancers are a result of abnormal cell division.
43. An abnormal cell division can become CANCER.
Living Environment - NYS Standards - continued
44. Draw the Punnett Square for the cross of a pure tall female pea plant
with a hybrid tall male.
T
T
Then answers questions 45 - 47
based on your results.
T
TT
t
Tt
TT
Tt
45. What percentage of the offspring will be tall? 100%
46. What percentage of the offspring will be short? 0%
47. What percentage of the offspring will be medium height? 0%
48. An example of a phenotype is TALL, SHORT, DIMPLES,BROWN HAIR
ETC.
49. An example of a genotype is TT, tt, BB, CC, Hh, etc.