Download File - Kirkwall Grammar School

Kirkwall Grammar School
Higher Human Biology
Unit 2: Physiology & Health
Key Areas 5-8
Name
____________________
Class
____________________
Teacher____________________
KEY AREA 5 – Arteries, Capillaries, and Veins
5a) Arteries, Capillaries and Veins
Complete the diagram
2
5b) Arteries, Capillaries & Veins Structure & Function Table
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
Function
Wall Structure
Lumen
Valves
Divide up into
How structure is
related to function
3
5c) Arteries, Capillaries & Veins Wall Structure
Complete the diagrams
Capillary
4
5d) Vasoconstriction and Vasodilation
1.
Define vasoconstriction and give an example of when it may happen?
2.
Define vasodilation, and give an example of when it may happen?
5e) Exchange of Materials – Blood Plasma
1.
State 4 substances found in blood
2.
What is blood plasma and what does it contain?
5
5f) Exchange of materials – Tissue Fluid
1.
Why is blood forced into narrow capillaries?
2.
Why is blood plasma squeezed out of the narrow capillaries?
3.
What is the difference between blood plasma and tissue fluid?
5g) Exchange of materials – Tissue Fluid continued
1.
Which substances diffuse out of tissue fluid and into cells?
2.
Which substances diffuse out of cells and into tissue fluid?
3.
Where exactly does the tissue fluid return to?
6
4.
What happens to excess tissue fluid?
5.
What eventually happens to lymph fluid?
KEY AREA 5 – Arteries, Capillaries & Veins
1.
2.
Testing Your Knowledge 1
Page 163
Q’s 1-4
Quick Quiz
7
KEY AREA 6 – Structure & Function of the Heart
6a) Structure & Function of the Heart
1.
What is the role of Atria-ventricular (AV) valves?
2.
What is the role of Semi-lunar (SL) valves?
3.
When do these valves open and close?
Complete the diagram
8
6b) Cardiac Function & Cardiac Output
1.
State the relationship between the volume of blood pumped through the
pulmonary artery (and around the lungs) and the volume of blood pumped
through the left ventricle through the aorta (and around the body)?
2.
Define Heart Rate?
3.
Define Stroke Volume?
4.
Define Cardiac Output
5.
State the Cardiac Output Equation
6.
Complete the table to work out the missing values
State of body
Heart Rate
(beats/min)
Stroke Volume
(ml)
At rest
70
70
During
exercise
Suring
strenuous
exercise
140
80
210
90
Cardiac Output by
each ventricle
(l/min)
9
6c) Cardiac Cycle
1.
Define the term Cardiac Cycle
2.
What is the average cardiac cycle?
6d) Atrial & Ventricular Diastole (relaxing)
Describe what happens during Atrial and Ventricular Diastole?
6e) Atrial Systole
r
(atria contracting)
& Ventricle Diastole
(ventricles relaxing)
Describe what happens during Atrial Systole and Ventricle Diastole
10
6f) Ventricular Systole (contracting) & Atrial Diastole (relaxing)
Describe what happens during Ventricular Systole and Atrial Diastole
6g) Cardiac Conducting System
1.
What brings about the activities of a heart beat?
2.
Where is the auto-rhythmic cells of the Sino-Atrial Node (SAN)
(pacemaker) found?
3.
What is the role of the auto-rhythmic cells of the Sino-Atrial Node
(SAN) (pacemaker)?
11
6h) Cardiac Conducting System
1.
List the 4 steps involved in the Cardiac Conducting System
2.
How is the Heart Beat regulated?
12
6i) Autonomic Nervous Control of the Heart
1.
Complete the diagram
2.
How is the rate of the Sino-Atrial Node (SAN) (pacemaker) regulated
through the Autonomic Nervous System?
13
6j) Autonomic Nervous Control of the Heart
1.
What does the cardio-accelerator centre do?
2.
What does the cardio-inhibitor centre do?
3.
State the effect of each of the 2 pathways in the autonomic nervous
control of the heart and explain why they are classed as antagonistic?
6k) Hormonal Control of the Heart
Explain the impact of exercise or stress on Heart Rate
14
6l) Interpretations of Electrocardiograms
1.
What is an ECG?
2.
Explain the 3 distint waves of an ECG?
15
6m) Blood Pressure Changes
1.
What is Blood Pressure?
2.
What piece of equipment is used to monitor Blood Pressure and what
are the units measured?
3.
How is blood pressure generated?
4.
Explain what is meant by the normal blood pressure reading of
120/70mmHg?
6n) Measurement of Blood Pressure
State the steps involved in measuring blood pressure
16
6o) Measurement of Blood Pressure
1.
What is hypertension?
2.
State 2 diseases that could result in later life due to hypertension
3.
State the 6 features of people who commonly have hypertension
KEY AREA 6 – Structure & Function of the Heart
1.
Testing Your Knowledge 1
Page 172
Q’s 1-4
2.
What you should know
Page 172
Q1-15
3.
Quick Quiz
17
KEY AREA 7 – PATHOLOGY OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
7a) Atherosclerosis
1.
What is Atherosclerosis?
2.
What is an atheroma?
3.
Initially when atherosclerosis builds up, what are the atheroma’s made
of?
4.
After years of atherosclerosis building up, what are the atheroma’s
made of?
5.
What can large atheroma’s eventually lead to?
6.
Label the diagram
18
7b) Blood Clotting
1.
What is meant by the term blood clotting?
2.
What triggers the release of blood clotting factors?
3.
Which inactive enzyme do the blood clotting factors activate?
4.
What name is given to the activated form of this enzyme?
5.
State the blood clotting equation
6.
How does fibrin help damaged cells?
7.
What name is given to a blood clot?
19
7c) Thrombosis
Complete the diagram
20
21
1.
What can lead to the formation of a thrombus inside the lining of an
artery?
2.
What name is given to a thrombus that breaks loose?
3.
What is Coronary Thrombosis?
4.
What is a Myocardial Infarction?
5.
What results from a thrombus blocking an artery to the brain?
7d) Causes of Peripheral Vascular Disease
1.
What are the Peripheral Arteries?
2.
What is Peripheral Vascular Disease, and whereabouts in the body is
mostly affected by it?
22
3.
What is Deep Vein Thrombosis, and what symptoms does the person
suffer from?
4.
What is a Pulmonary Embolism , and what symptoms does the person
suffer from?
7e) Cholesterol Levels
1.
What are lipids?
2.
Cholesterol is a type of lipid, state 2 reasons why Cholesterol is
important?
3.
Why does there have to be a specific concentration of Cholesterol in
the bloodstream?
4.
Where is Cholesterol produced?
5.
What are Lipoproteins and where are they found?
23
7f) Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL)
1.
Where are Low-density Lipoproteins produced?
2.
Where in body cells are LDL receptors found?
3.
Explain what happens when a molecule of LDL carrying cholesterol,
attaches to LDL receptors
4.
Explain the negative feedback mechanism that is triggered when there
is an adequate supply of Cholesterol in the bloodstream?
5.
What happens to the excess Cholesterol?
24
7g) Control of Cholesterol Levels
Complete the diagram
25
7h) Excess Cholesterol
State what can happen to the excess cholesterol in the blood
7i) High Density Lipoprotein (HDL)
1.
What role do High Density Lipoproteins play in removing excess
Cholesterol?
2.
Why do HDL’s not contribute to Atherosclerosis?
3.
Why does the human body require a healthy balance of LDL’s and HDL’s?
4.
Why is it an advantage to have a higher percentage of HDL’s in the body
than LDL’s?
26
7j) Familial Hypercholesterolemia (FH)
1.
What is Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH)?
2.
Explain exactly how the mutated gene affects sufferers of FH?
3.
If left untreated what will happen to FH sufferers?
4.
How can individuals find out if they have the FH gene?
5.
How can FH be treated?
7k) Statins
Describe how the following can prevent excess Cholesterol in the blood:Regular exercise
Low fat diets
Statins
KEY AREA 7 – Pathology of CVD
1.
2.
Testing Your Knowledge 1
Page 186
Q’s 1-4
Quick Quiz
27
KEY AREA 8 – Blood Glucose Levels & Obesity
8a) Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels
28
8b) Controlling Blood Glucose Levels
1.
Which structure in the body detects changes in blood glucose levels?
2.
State the negative feedback strategy employed by the human body
when there is an INCREASE in blood glucose concentration
3.
State the negative feedback strategy employed by the human body
when there is a DECREASE in blood glucose concentration
29
8c) Diabetes
11.
Define Diabetes
2.
What is the normal glucose concentration found in the blood?
3.
If untreated, what might be the range of glucose concentration found in
a Diabetic?
4.
Complete the table on type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
% of all cases of diabetes
First occurrence
Ability of pancreatic cells
to produce insulin
Sensitively of cells to
insulin
Treatment
Test
30
8d) Obesity linked to CVD & Type 2 Diabetes
1.
What is a major risk factor for CVD and Type 2 Diabetes?
2.
Define Obesity
3.
What is BMI?
4.
What BMI value indicates that someone is obese?
5.
Why is BMI not a reliable method to indicate obesity?
6.
What measurement would provide an accurate measurement of
Body Fat?
31
7.
Research the following methods to measure Body Composition:-
Densitometry
Skin-fold thickness
Bioelectrical impedence,
Waist/Hip ratio
32
8e) Treatment of Obesity
1.
Which 5 factors can contribute to Obesity?
2.
How can obesity be treated?
3.
Explain how the energy intake in diet should be reduced to help reduce
obesity?
4.
Explain how exercise helps to reduce obesity
5.
Explain how exercise can help to reduce Cardiovascular Disease
KEY AREA 8 – Blood Glucose Levels & Obesity
1.
Testing Your Knowledge 1
Page 195
Q’s 1-3
2.
What you should know
Page 195
Q’s 1-16
3.
Applying knowledge & Skills
Page 196
Q’s 1-10
4.
Quick Quiz
33