Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Ch. 23 Plant Structure and Function 23.1. Plant Cells and Tissues A. Types of Plant Cells – See differences in kingdoms from ch. 17 1. Parenchyma – spherical cell with thin cell walls and large central vacuole. Most abundant cell found in plant tissue. Function as: __________________ (vacuole) and contain chloroplasts for food production 2. Collenchyma – long, flexible cells with unevenly thick cell walls; most common in actively growing tissues. 3. Sclerenchyma – thick cell with rigid cell wall; include fiber and stone cells. Provide support for plant and major component of vascular tissue. B. Plant Tissues – tissues are a group of cells that function together to perform an activity 1. Dermal tissues a. ____________________ b. _________________ c. __________________ d. __________________ flattened parenchyma cells openings in the cuticle of - control the opening and hairlike projections that that cover all parts of the the leaf that control gas closing of guard cells extend form the plant (ex: cuticle) exchange epidermis (ex: root hairs) 2. Vascular tissue a. __________________ – tubular cells that transport water and minerals from the roots to the rest of the plant (most are dead at maturity) b. __________________ – tubular cells tapered at each end that transport water throughout a plant (common in conifers) c. __________________ elements – tubular cells that transport water (common in anthophytes) d. __________________ – a series of living tube cells that transport sugars from leaves to plant parts e. ______ tube members – long, cylindrical cells w/out a nucleus that transport sugars f. _______________ cells – nucleated cells that manage the transport of sugars through sieve cells 3. Ground tissue – includes all tissues other than dermal tissues and vascular tissue. The functions include photosynthesis, storage and support. 4. Meristematic tissue - a growing plant needs to produce new cells a. __________________________ – regions of actively dividing cells b. _____________ meristems c. _________ _________ produce cells that allow the roots produces new xylem and and stems to increase in length phloem cells in stems and roots d. _________ _________ (lateral meristem) – produces a tough covering for the surface of stems and roots (ex: bark) 23.2. Roots, Stems, and Leaves A. Roots – the underground structure that anchors, absorbs water and minerals, and transports nutrients 1. The structure of roots – an epidermal covering with projecting root hairs to increase surface area a. __________________ – involved in transporting water and ions into the vascular core at the root center and can act as a storage center for food and water b. __________________ – a single layer of cells that forms a waterproof seal that surrounds the root’s vascular tissue c. Pericycle – tissue that gives rise to the lateral roots 2. Root growth – roots are constantly growing a. ________________-protective layer at the tip of each root B. Stems – provide support, contain vascular tissue for transporting and storing water and sugar 1. Internal structure – monocots have scattered vascular bundles while dicots have xylem and phloem that form a ring in the cortex 2. Woody stems – the inner part of trunk is composed of __________________ cells that form growth rings, phloem and cork cells compose bark 3. Stems store and transport materials like water sugar and nutrients a. ____________ – any part of the plant that stores sugars (ex: cortex) b. ____________________- the movement of sugars from the leaves through the phloem C. Leaves – trap light for photosynthesis 1. Leaf variation – leaves can vary in shape and size. Some leafs are joined directly to the stem (ex: grass). Some can be needle-like (ex: pine ) a. _______________ – stalk that joins the leaf blade to the stem 2. Leaf Structure – vascular tissue is located in the veins a. ___________________ – the photosynthetic tissue of a leaf c. ______________________-the evaporation of water through the stomata in leaves 3. Venation patterns – veins are parallel in _________________ and branching in __________________________ 4. Leaf Modifications 23.3. Plant Responses A. Plant Hormones a. ________________ – a chemical that causes a physiological change 1. ____________________ -cause cell elongation 2. _____________________ –hormone that cause plants to grow taller 3. _____________________ – stimulate cell division or cytokinesis 4. _____________________ – gas promotes ripening B. Plant Responses – though plants lack a nervous system, they can respond to stimuli 1. ____________________ - a plant’s response to an external stimulus that comes from a certain direction (ex: phototropism = plants bend toward light, ex: gravitropism = plants defy gravity and grow toward light, ex: thigmotropism = response to touching objects like a climbing vine) 2. _____________ movement – a responsive movement of a plant that is not dependent on the direction of the stimuli (ex: Venus flytrap)