Download PPT: Mitosis, Meiosis, DNA, PS

DNA / RNA
DNA
• Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• Located in the nucleus / never leaves the
nucleus
• Makes up the chromosomes
• 4 Nitrogenous Bases:
– A = Adenine
– C = Cytosine
– T = Thymine
– G = Guanine
– A = Adenine
– C = Cytosine
– T = Thymine
– G = Guanine
• A & T – Pair up together
• C & G – Pair up together
• DNA is “Double Stranded” / “double helix”
RNA
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•
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•
Ribonucleic Acid
Single Stranded
Can move from nucleus to cytoplasm
4 Bases:
– A = Adenine
– C = Cytosine
– U = Uracil
– G = Guanine
RNA
– A = Adenine
– C = Cytosine
– U = Uracil
– G = Guanine
• A & U = Pair up together
• C & G = Pair up together
• Three main types:
– mRNA = Messenger RNA
• Transfers message from nucleus to cytoplasm
• CODON = 3 mRNA bases code for Amino Acid
– tRNA = Transfer RNA
• Hooks up w/mRNA and holds the Amino Acid
• ANTICODON = 3 tRNA bases match up w/mRNA
and carry Amino Acid
– rRNA = Ribosomal RNA
• Ribosomes “workbench” for Protein Synthesis
• A long chain of Amino Acids make up a
____________
– PROTEIN
Protein Synthesis
“Making Proteins”
Transcription
• Transcription:
– Making RNA from DNA
• mRNA
Translation
• Making a Protein
or (polypeptide)
from mRNA
• Intro: Protein Synthesis:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=suNsV0cT6c
• BIOFLIX: Protein Synthesis:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wMq
HOf692E
Exons Vs Introns
• Exons – “Expressed part of the DNA
• Intron – Not expressed / spliced out
– RNA splicing: Enzyme: spliceosome
Frame Shift Mutation
Frame Shift Example
• THE FAT CAT ATE THE HAT
• With the “F” deleted
–THE ATC ATA TET HEH AT-
• With the “F” copied twice
–THE FFA TCA TAT ETH EHA T--
DNA P/S LAB
• Heredity = passing of traits from one
generation to the next
• Variation = Parents & offspring are
different
• Genetics = scientific study of heredity
and variation
• Gametes = haploid = with only one set
of chromosomes
• For humans:
– haploid number is 23 (n = 23)
– Each set of 23 consists of 22 autosomes and
one sex chromosome
• In an unfertilized egg (ovum), the sex
chromosome is X
• In a sperm cell, the sex chromosome may
be either X or Y
Where do your traits come from?
• Children do not inherit traits from their
parents, they inherit genes.
• Genes are segments of DNA
• Each gene has a specific locus (location)
on a certain chromosome
• One set of chromosomes is inherited from
each parent
• Reproductive cells called gametes
(sperm and eggs) unite, passing genes to
the next generation
Sex Chromosomes
• The sex chromosomes are called X
• Human females:
and Y
– Two X’s chromosomes (XX)
• Human males:
– one X and one Y chromosome
• The 22 pairs of chromosomes that do not
determine sex are called autosomes
• Each pair of homologous chromosomes
includes one chromosome from each parent
• Human somatic cells:
– 46 chromosomes
– 2 sets of 23 (one from the mother and one from the
father)
– Diploid = 2n
• Gametes = haploid = with only one set
of chromosomes
• For humans:
– haploid number is 23 (n = 23)
– Each set of 23 consists of 22 autosomes and
one sex chromosome
• In an unfertilized egg (ovum), the sex
chromosome is X
• In a sperm cell, the sex chromosome may
be either X or Y