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Carbon Chemistry Chapter 8 Essential questions 1. Why is Carbon unique? 2. What role does carbon play in organic chemistry? 3. Why is carbon important to the chemistry of living things? I. Organic Compounds A. Organic compounds are covalent compounds composed of carbon based molecules. examples: sugar, starch, fuels, synthetic materials like plastic I. Organic Compounds B. The backbone of organic compounds is carbon because it has 4 valence electrons and each atom can form 4 separate bonds I. Organic Compounds C. Carbon compounds can form in 3 different Arrangements 1) Straight Chain 2) Branched chain 3) ring I. Organic Compounds D. Formulas of carbon compounds: 1) Chemical formulas showing kind and number of atoms using symbols and subscripts 2) Structural formulas showing kind, number and arrangement of atoms Example: Acetone Chemical Formula: Structural formula: C3H6O I. Organic Compounds 3) Carbon compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural formulas are called isomers I. Organic Compounds E. isomers 1) are different forms of the same compound with different properties and characteristics 2) There can be so many different isomers of carbon because carbon can form single, double and triple bonds. Examples of Isomers Butane: C4H10 Types of Bonds I. Organic Compounds F. Polymers are very large molecules made up of many smaller molecules bonded together. The smaller molecules are called monomers Polymers can be made by living things (natural) or in factories (synthetic) I. Organic Compounds G. Organic compounds are formed mostly from the elements carbon, and hydrogen but can also include elements like oxygen, nitrogen , phosphorus, sulfur, and others H. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds formed from only hydrogen and carbon II. Life with Carbon Organic compounds made by living things are ver large molecules. They are: 1) Carbohydrates: made of different types of simple sugars blended together; used for energy A)Simple carbohydrates are substances like glucose B) Complex carbohydrates are substances like starches and cellulose Simple and Complex Carbohydrates II. Life with Carbon 2) Proteins are polymers made of amino acids. used to build and repair body parts and regulate cell activity 3) Lipids:(fats) are made of fatty acids and do not dissolve in water used to store energy II. Life with Carbon 4) Nucleic Acids are very large polymers made of nucleotides. There are 2 types: DNA and RNA used to store information and help build proteins 5) Smaller molecules required by living things Vitamins - used to help in a variety of chemical reactions Water- used to dissolve nutrients and carry them throughout the body Minerals - used to form ions needed by the body (not organic) Salt- used to help muscles contract and transmission of nerve impulses