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Business
Communication
Chapter 4
Basics of English Grammar
Copyright 2010 South-Western Cengage Learning
Parts of Speech
 Every word in a message has a use.
 Becoming familiar with the parts of speech will help
you choose appropriate words.
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Parts of Speech
 Noun
 Adverb
 Pronoun
 Preposition
 Adjective
 Conjunction
 Verb
 Interjection
These are the eight parts of speech.
4.1 Parts of Speech and Sentences
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Nouns
 Noun: a word used to name people, places, or things
 Examples include: Car, girl, clock
4.2 Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
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Pronouns
 Pronoun: a word used in the place of a noun
 Examples include: she, he, they
4.2 Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
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Adjectives
 Adjective: a word that describes or limits nouns and
pronouns
 Examples: big, red, cool
4.2 Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
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Verbs
 Verb: a word that expresses action, a state of being,
or a condition
 Example: run, is, talk
4.3 Verbs and Adverbs
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Adverbs
 Adverb: a word that modifies an action verb, an
adjective, or another adverb
 Examples: quickly, late, now
4.3 Verbs and Adverbs
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Prepositions
 Preposition: a word that connects a noun or
pronoun to other words to form a phrase
 Examples: to, from, for
4.4 Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections
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Conjunctions
 Conjunction: a word or phrase that joins two or
more words, phrases, or clauses
 Examples: and, but, so
4.4 Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections
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Interjections
 Interjection: a word or phrase used primarily to
express strong emotion
 Examples: Oh! Help!
4.4 Prepositions, Conjunctions, and Interjections
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Sentence Parts
 A sentence is a group of
related words that
contains a subject and a
predicate and expresses a
complete thought.
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Using well-structured sentences will help
you communicate clearly.
4.1 Parts of Speech and Sentences
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Sentence Subjects
 A subject of a sentence is the person who is speaking,
the person who is spoken to, or the person, place, or
thing spoken about.
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Simple Subject
 A simple subject is the main word in the complete
subject that specifically names what the sentence is
about.
 Examples:
 John, the young journalist, writes articles.
 The chair behind the girl is vacant.
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Complete Subject
 A complete subject includes the simple subject plus
all the sentence that is not part of the complete
predicate.
 Examples:
 John writes articles.
 John, the young journalist, has written articles.
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Compound Subject
 A compound subject is two or more simple subjects
joined by conjunctions, such as and, or, nor, not
only/but also, and both/and.
 Examples:
 John and Halle work for our company.
 His brother or my sister will accompany us.
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Sentence Predicates
 The complete predicate is everything in the sentence
said by, to, or about the subject.
 Examples:
 John writes articles.
 John, the young journalist, has written articles.
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Simple Predicate
 The simple predicate is the verb in the complete
predicate.
 Examples:
 John writes articles.
 John, the young journalist, has written articles.
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Compound Predicate
 A compound predicate consists of two or more verbs
with the same subject.
 Examples:
 John and Halle discussed the matter and concluded
that we are handling this situation incorrectly.
 The engineer not only complained but also refused to
finish the project.
 Sara agreed to mow the lawn and trim the shrubs for
Jack.
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Objects and Subject Complements
 Objects and subject complements help to complete the
thought expressed by a subject and simple predicate.
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Objects
 An object is a noun, pronoun, clause, or phrase that
functions as a noun.
 It may be direct or indirect.
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Direct Object
 A direct object helps complete the meaning of a
sentence by receiving the action of the verb.
 Direct objects answer the questions what? Or whom?
 Examples:
 Louis closed the door. (Louis closed what?)
 The boy lost his mother. (The boy lost whom?)
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Indirect Object
 An indirect object receives the action that the verb
makes on the direct object.
 The indirect object usually answers the question to
whom is this action being directed?
 Examples:
 Rafael gave Thomas the candy bar. (The candy bar was
given by Rafael to Thomas.)
 Lacy sold Andrew her car. (The car was sold to Andrew
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by Lacy.)
Subject Complements
 A subject complement is either a noun or pronoun
that renames the subject or an adjective that describes
the subject.
 Examples:
 Peter is an honest banker. (The noun banker renames
Peter.)
 We have been sleepy before. (The adjective sleepy
describes we.)
 Her writing appears magical. (The adjective magical
describes writing.)
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Clauses
 A clause is a group of words with a subject and a
predicate.
4.1 Parts of Speech and Sentences
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Independent Clause
 An independent clause can stand alone as a
complete sentence.
 Example:
 One of our sales managers has developed an excellent
training manual.
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Dependent Clause
 A dependent clause must be attached to an
independent clause to make sense.
 Example:
 Which we plan to use in future training sessions
 Complete Sentence:
 One of our sales managers has developed an excellent
training manual, which we plan to use in future training
sessions.
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Phrases
 A phrase is a group of related words that does not
contain both a subject and a predicate.
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Prepositional Phrase
 A prepositional phrase is a group of words that
begins with a preposition and ends with a noun or a
noun substitute.
 Examples:
 Place both cartons on the desk.
 The boxes in the office belong to him.
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Verb Phrase
 The combination of a main verb, either action or
linking, preceded by a helping verb or verbs forms a
verb phrase.
 Examples:
 Julita spoke to her peers. (The verb is spoke.)
 Julita has spoken to her peers. (The main verb is
spoken; the helping verb is has; thus the verb phrase is
has spoken.)
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Fragments
 A fragment is an incomplete sentence that may or
may not have meaning.
 Examples:
 Fragment: Sam, the vice president’s brother
 Sentence: Sam, the vice president’s brother, got a hefty
raise.
 Fragment: Because the beds were uncomfortable.
 Sentence: Because the beds were uncomfortable, she
slept on the floor.
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Sentence Structure
 Your messages will be more interesting if you vary
the types of sentences you write.
4.1 Parts of Speech and Sentences
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Simple Sentences
 A simple sentence contains one independent clause
and no dependent clauses.
 Examples:
 Theodore sings.
 Theodore and Jason sing.
 Theodore sings and acts.
 Theodore Carson, a famous tenor, sings like an angel.
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Compound Sentences
 A compound sentence contains two or more
independent clauses and no dependent clauses.
 Examples:
 Mr. Feinstein is the founder, and he was the first
president of FSI.
 It’s getting late; however, I am glad to stay here and
finish this project.
 Erin loves to ride horses; Manuel loves to draw horses.
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Complex Sentences
 A complex sentence contains one independent
clause and one or more dependent clauses.
 Examples:
 Although it is important to proofread a written message,
many people feel they do not have the time.
 Renaldo, who cannot swim, hates wading in Lake Waldo
because he thinks it is polluted.
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Compound-Complex Sentence
 A compound-complex sentence contains two or
more independent clauses and one or more dependent
clauses.
 Examples:
 Since Noni left the folders on the desk, her assistant
decided to finish up, and he did a good job, even though
he was very tired.
 Sierra and Casey, who are cousins, play together often;
however, their fathers, who are brothers, don’t see
enough of each other.
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Vocabulary
active voice
adjective
adverb
clause
collective noun
conjunction
direct object
fragment
indirect object
interjection
noun
passive voice
phrase
possessive noun
predicate
preposition
pronoun
pronoun antecedent
sentence
subject
verb
verb tense
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