Download Reading Toolbox 1. Answers may vary. Sample answer: Salts are

Reading Toolbox
1. Answers may vary. Sample
answer: Salts are ionic compounds.
The nature of metallic
bonds enables metals to be
shiny, malleable, and conduct
electricity and heat. A polyatomic
ion acts as a single unit in an
ionic compound.
Using Key Terms
2. Proteins and some carbohydrates
are made up of many smaller
molecules, or monomers, that
are joined together. The monomers
for proteins are amino
acids, and glucose is a monomer
for carbohydrates.
3. Sample answer: In ionic bonds,
electrons are transferred from
one atom to another, whereas
in covalent bonds electrons are
shared between atoms. Ionic
bonds form by the attraction of
oppositely charged ions, whereas
covalent bonds form in order to
give each atom a stable octet.
4. Sample answer: Organic compounds
contain carbon and usually
hydrogen. Common organic
compounds include acetylsalicyclic
acid, sorbitol, methane,
propane, and ethane.
5. A hydroxyl group, or –OH group,
is made of oxygen and hydrogen.
Alcohols contain hydroxyl
groups.
6. A hydrocarbon is made of hydrogen
and carbon. The simplest
hydrocarbon is methane.
Understanding Key Ideas
7. d
8. b
9. a
10. c
11. b
12. c
13. b
14. d
Explaining Key Ideas
15. Sample answer: Both compounds
have two identical atoms
covalently bonded to a central
atom of a different element.
Carbon dioxide has the larger
bond angle at 180°; oxygen difluoride
has a bond angle of less
than 180°.
16. Vitamin C is made of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Its
formula is C6H8O6.
17. a. sulfur tetrafluoride
b. dinitrogen monoxide
c. phosphorus trichloride
d. diphosphorus pentoxide
Critical Thinking
18. Sample answer: Chemical bonds
are formed by atoms to obtain a
stable outer electron configuration.
Noble gases tend not to
form chemical bonds because
they already have a stable outer
electron configuration.
19. Because it is a solid at room temperature,
is only able to conduct
electricity in the liquid state, and
has a high melting point, the
compound probably has ionic
bonds.
20. The general formula for nalkanes
is CnH2n+2. Because
n = 12, dodecane must have
2(12) + 2 = 26 hydrogen atoms,
as shown in the structural
formula.
H–
H
|
H
|
C–
H
|
H
|
C–
H
|
H
|
C–
H
|
H
|
C–
H
|
H
|
C–
H
|
H
|
C–
H
|
H
|
C–
H
|
H
|
C–
H
|
H
|
C–
H
|
H
|
C–
H
|
H
|
C–
H
|
H
|
C–H
21. Sample answer: Sodium gains a
positive charge when it ionizes
because it loses a valence electron,
not because it gains a proton.
If it gained a proton, it would
be a different element.
22. If one atom has a much higher
attraction for electrons than
another atom in the bond does,
there is likely to be electron
transfer between the atoms,
forming an ionic bond.