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History of Civilization- Section A
Lecture 12- Rome: Crises and Reform
I)
Roman Crises
II)
Reformers
III)
The First Triumvirate
IDs:
slave revolts
populares
Social Wars
Tiberius Gracchus
Land reform
Caius Gracchus
Marius
client army
Sulla
Pompey
March on Rome
Crassus
Julius Caesar
Gallic Commentaries
The Rubicon
Ides of March
Images of Empire
American context
Empire vs. Republic
Roman republican influence among the Founding Fathers
Roman Expansion and Internal Pressures
Farmer/Soldier
Family
Religion
Roman Religion
Roman Expansion and Internal Pressures
Farmer/Soldier
Family
Religion
Government
- optimates
- provincial governors
4 Signs of Strain
Slaves
Problems with Slavery
Increase in number
- c. 2 million by 100 BC
Neglect in latifundia
Revolts
- 135 BC, 104 BC
- 74 BC- Spartacus
4 Signs of Strain
Slaves
Provinces
Attacks on garrisons
Allies (socii)
“Social War” (91-89 BC)
Urban slums:
Optimates and populares (reformers)
II) Reformers
The Gracci:
Tiberius and Caius Gracchus
Tiberius Gracchus (163-133 BC)
Patrician background
Populare
Tribune in Plebian Assembly
Tiberius Gracchus on land reform:
The wild beasts that roam over Italy have their dens. . . . But the men who fight and die for Italy
enjoy nothing but the air and light; without house or home they wanter about with their wives and
children. . . . They fight and die to protect the wealth and luxury of others; they are styled masters of the
world, and have not a clod of earth they call their own.
Tiberius Gracchus
Proposed a land commission
Challenged the Senate
Plebian assembly
Expelled the dissenting tribune Octavius
Death of T. Gracchus (133 BC)
Further reforms
Ran for re-election as tribune
Senators killed him and some supporters
Senate concessions
Violent precedent
Caius Gracchus (153-121 BC)
Became tribune in 123 BC
Even more ambitious
Granaries, investigations
Extension of citizenship
Assassinated- lesson for reformers
The Generals: Marius (c. 157-86 BC)
Humble origins
Military success
Consul (107-100 BC)
Client Armies
Sulla
(c.138-78 BC)
Social Wars- 91 BC
Another “new man”
Elected consul
Expedition to Asia Minor (88 BC)
Conflict vs. Marius
- Attack on Rome:
-division: officers vs. soldiers
Return and dictatorship (82-79 BC)- proscription
III) First Triumvirate
1st Triumvirate (60 BC)
The Army and the Senate
The First Triumvirate:
Pompey
Crassus
Julius Caesar
Gnaeus Pompey (106-48 BC)
Crassus
Wealthy optimate
Julius Caesar’s father-in-law
Julius Caesar
Became consul (59 BC)
Sent to Gaul with a client army
Military victories
Gallic Commentaries
“Crossing the Rubicon”
Crassus dies- 53 BC
Pompey turns the Senate against Caesar
Senate recalls Caesar from Gaul
Return to Rome
Caesar’s Rise
Julius Caesar and Reform
Extended clemency
Enlarged the Senate
Populares:
Free grain to 320K citizens
Overseas colonies
Land for army veterans
The Roman “Republic” under Caesar
Caesar’s Dictatorship
The Ides of March
Lecture 13: The Early Empire
I)
Second Triumvirate
II)
The Principate
III)
Julio-Claudian Dynasty
IDs:
Octavian
Marc Antony
Princeps
Augustus
Pax Romana
Praetorian Guard
Pontifex Maximus
Virgil
Aeneid
Ovid
Tiberius
Caligula
Claudius
Caesar’s Dictatorship
The Ides of March
Octavian
Julius Caesar’s nephew and stepson
Just 18 years old
Named as heir by Julius Caesar
Second Triumvirate
Octavian
- Julius Caesar’s nephew and stepson
Marc Antony
- Caesar’s comrade
Lapidus
Nero
- Caesar’s deputy
Marc Antony’s funeral oration
Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears;
I come to bury Caesar, not to praise him;
The evil that men do lives after them,
The good is oft interréd with their bones,
So let it be with Caesar….
The noble Brutus
Hath told you Caesar was ambitious:
If it were so, it was a grievous fault,
And grievously hath Caesar answered it….
Here, under leave of Brutus and the rest,
(For Brutus is an honourable man;
So are they all; all honourable men)
Come I to speak in Caesar's funeral….
He was my friend, faithful and just to me:
But Brutus says he was ambitious;
And Brutus is an honourable man….
2nd Triumvirate
Rule of Octavian/Augustus
Undermines Marc Antony
Elected consul in 31 BC
Victory at Actium (vs. Antony) by 31 BC
Octavian as “Princeps” in 27 BC
- “1st citizen”
Also becomes emperor as “Augustus”- 27 BC
- end of republic/start of empire
II) The Principate
The Principate
Political reforms:
Cooperation w/ Senate
Mutual recognition
Popular reforms:
Roman fire department,
police
Military reforms:
Reduced size, Praetorian Guard
Main appeal- stability
Pax Romana
The Two Caesars:
Augustus:
“I restored, I completed, I built, I gave”
“Divine Augustus”
Projecting Pax Romana
Ara Pacis (Altar of Peace) 9 BC
“Divine Augustus”
The Principate
Main appeal- Pax Romana
- stability
Literary patronage
Propertius, Elegies (p. 153)
Virgil’s Aeneid
“When I had said this, over my breadth of shoulder
And bent neck, I spread out a lion skin
For tawny cloak and stooped to take his weight.
Then little Iulus put his hand in mine
And came with shorter steps beside his father.
My wife fell in behind.”
-
The Aeneid, Book II lines 936- 942
Revision the origins of Rome (vs. Romulus)
- what’s added, what’s lost?
Virgil on Roman destiny (from The Aeneid)
“Others shall plead cases better and others will better
Track the course of the heavens and announce the rising stars.
Remember Romans, your task is to rule the peoples
This will be your art: to teach the habit of peace,
To spare the defeated and subdue the haughty.”
Vs. Ovid
III) Julio-Claudian Dynasty
Julio-Claudian Dynasty
Succession?
Tiberius
Gaius (Caligula)
Claudius
Nero
Tiberius
(r. 14-37 AD)
General under Augustus
Divorce and remarriage
“Stern and irascible”
Unhappiness
Emperor Gaius (37-41 AD)
Great-grandson of Augustus Caesar
Nicknamed “Caligula”
Cruel and violent
Killed by the Praetorian Guard in 41 AD
Return to a republic?
Emperor Claudius (41-54 AD)
Bribed the Praetorian Guard
Eliminated any rivals
Died in 54 AD
Emperor Nero
(54-68 AD)
Emperor at 16
Public festivals
Relations with the Senate
Persecution of Christians
Paraniod
Military rebellion in 68 AD
Lecture 6C- Imperial Rome
I)
Emperors, 69- 181 A.D.
IDs:
“Year of the 4 Emperors”
Vespasian
Flavian dynasty
bread and circuses
69 AD- “The Year of the Four Emperors”
Invasion of Rome from 4 provincial generals
Quick scramble for power
Civic apathy
How are Emperors like the weather?
“We just to wait for bad ones to pass and hope for good ones to appear.” --Tacitus
Flavian Dynasty
Aqueducts
The Pantheon
Arch of Titus (81 AD)
Frieze from the Arch
Trajan’s Column
The Coliseum (72-80 AD)
Circus Maximus
Roman Baths
Give the People What they Want:
Bread and Circus
Seneca and the Gladiatorial Games