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Civ IN- PowerPoint text from Lecture 6 • I) Lecture 6A: The Later Republic (200 B.C.- 100 B.C.) Expansion and Complication II) Republican Virtues III) Crises IDs: smallholders infantrymen Latifundia domus tenements pietas civic religion optimates Slave revolts provinces “Social Wars” • The 2nd Punic War in Italy Impact of the Elephants Battle of Cannae Fabius Adjustments “Lesson”: - “Steadfast” infantry • Roman Counter-Attack by Scipio the Elder • 3rd Punic War (149-146 BC) • Destruction of Carthage- 146 BC Scipio the Younger: "This is a glorious moment, Polybius; and yet I am seized with fear and foreboding that some day the same fate will befall my own country.'' • Rome and the Eastern Mediterranean Macedonian alliance with Carthage Wars vs. the Greeks Expansion into Asia Minor Perseus’ rebellion- 168 BC • Images of Empire American context Empire vs. Republic Roman republican influence among the Founding Fathers • Republican Virtues Farmer/Soldier • Farms and Patriotism- republican ideals • Farmers in the Republic after 200 BC Smallholder Land ownership and citizenship Good infantry Problems with extended service Latifundia and Tenements • Republican virtues Farmer/Soldier Family • Family and Virtue in Public Life • Pompeii, Domus (exterior) • Pompeii, Domus (Interior) • Republican Virtues Farmer/Soldier Family Religion • Roman Religion • Roman Expansion and Internal Pressures Farmer/Soldier Family Religion Government - optimates - provincial governors • 4 Signs of Strain Slaves • Problems with Slavery Increase in number - c. 2 million by 100 BC Neglect in latifundia Revolts - 135 BC, 104 BC - 74 BC- Spartacus • Slaves 4 Signs of Strain Provinces Attacks on garrisons Allies (socii) “Social War” (91-89 BC) Urban slums: Optimates and populares (reformers) • I) Lecture 6B: Attempts at Reform The Gracci II) The Generals III) First Triumvirate IDs: Populare Tiberius Graccus Land reform Caius Graccus Marius client army Sulla attack on Rome Pompey Crassus Caesar Gallic Commentaries The Rubicon Veni, Vidi, Vici Dictator Ides of March • The Gracci: Tiberius and Caius Gracchus • Tiberius Gracchus (163-133 BC) Populare Tribune in Plebian Assembly • Tiberius Gracchus on land reform: • The wild beasts that roam over Italy have their dens. . . . But the men who fight and die for Italy enjoy nothing but the air and light; without house or home they wanter about with their wives and children. . . . They fight and die to protect the wealth and luxury of others; they are styled masters of the world, and have not a clod of earth they call their own. • Tiberius Gracchus Proposed a land commission Challenged the Senate Plebian assembly Expelled the dissenting tribune Octavius • Death of T. Gracchus (133 BC) Ran for another term as tribune Senators killed him and 300 supporters Senate concessions But violent precedent • Caius Gracchus (153-121 BC) Became tribune in 123 BC Even more ambitious Granaries, investigations Extension of citizenship Assassinated- lesson for reformers • II) The Generals • The Generals: Marius (c. 157-86 BC) Humble origins Military success Consul (107-100 BC) Ended property requirement: - Client Armies Retired in 100 BC, but still influential • Sulla (c.138-78 BC) Social Wars- 91 BC Another “new man” Elected consul Expedition to Asia Minor (88 BC) Conflict vs. Marius Return and dictatorship (82-79 BC)- proscription • III) The First Triumvirate • 1st Triumvirate (60 BC) The Army and the Senate The First Triumvirate: Pompey Crassus Julius Caesar • Gnaeus Pompey (106-48 BC) • Crassus Wealthy optimate Julius Caesar’s father-in-law Died in 53 BC • Julius Caesar Became consul (59 BC) Sent to Gaul with a client army Military victories Gallic Commentaries • “Crossing the Rubicon” Crassus dies- 53 BC Pompey turns the Senate against Caesar Senate recalls Caesar from Gaul Return to Rome • Caesar’s Rise • Julius Caesar and Reform Extended clemency Enlarged the Senate Populares: Free grain to 320K citizens Overseas colonies Land for army veterans • The Roman “Republic” under Caesar • Caesar’s Dictatorship • The Ides of March • Lecture 6C: The Early Empire I) Second Triumvirate IDs: Octavian Marc Antony Princeps Augustus
