Download Animal Form and Function – Intro Integumentary System

Bozeman Video
• Positive and Negative Feedback
Animal Form and Function – Intro
Integumentary System
Chapter 40
Animal Form and Function
• What is needed For AP Exam:
Various Organ systems, THOROUGH on nervous,
immune, and endocrine
Respiratory, circulatory, excretory, digestive,
muscular and reproductive
How it relates to HOMEOSTASIS
Ch. 40-46
Anatomy and Physiology
• Anatomy – the study of an organisms structure
• Physiology – the study of function
• Levels of Organization
– Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ Systems
• Cell = basic unit of structural organization for all living things
– Emergent properties
• functions that arise due to new structures
– Structure of each level determines the function
Levels of Organization
• Atoms: CHNOPS
• Molecules: Organic vs. Inorganic (H2O)
– Carbohydrates - CHO with H and O in a 2:1 ratio
• Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides
– Lipids – CHO – with H and O in a greater than 2:1
• glycerol + 3 fatty acids or glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate
– Proteins – CHON (S) – N-C-C-N-C-C-N-C-C + N-C-C
• Amino Acids  Polypeptide (protein)
– Nucleic Acids – CHONP – DNA, RNA, ATP, GTP
• Nuceotide - Sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), Phosphate, Base
(ATCGU)
Levels of Organization
• Organelles: Ribosomes
– Membrane Bound – Nucleus, ER (Rough vs. Smooth), Vessicle,
Golgi Body, Lysosome, Vacuole, Chloroplast, Mitochondria
• Cells: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
– Cell Membrane, Ribosomes, Double Stranded DNA
• Tissues: Eukaryotic Multicellular Plants vs. Animals
– Plants: Ground, Dermal, Vascular
– Animals: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, Nervous
• Organs: Eukaryotic Multicellular Plants vs. Animals
– Plants: Root, Stem, Leaves
– Animals: Heart, Skin, Stomach, Kidneys, Glands, Brain, Blood
Vessels, Bones, Muscles, Lungs, Gonads, Intestines, Bladder etc.
Levels of Organization
• Organ Systems: Interacting organs
– Plants – Root system and shoot system
– Animals – Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Immune,
Nervous, Endocrine, Circulatory, Respiratory, Reproductive,
Digestive, Excretory
• Organism: Unicellular or Multicellular
• Population: Same species that can interbreed
• Community: Different species that interact
– Predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, competition
• Ecosystem: Biotic and Abiotic interactions
• Biosphere: Earth and atmosphere
• Levels of Organization Flow Map – Name a
property that emerges at each level of
organization
Animal Tissues
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Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscular
Epithelial Tissue
• Functions
– Covers the outside of
the body - skin
– Lines organs and
body cavities –
lumens – blood
vessels
– Barrier to pathogens
– Prevents fluid loss
– Secretes chemicals
(glands) - endocrine
• Function
Connective Tissue
– Binds and supports other tissues
Connective Tissue
• Blood
– RBC/WBC & platelets in water based fluid plasma
• Bone
– osteocytes living in calcified hard matrix
• Ligaments
– bone-to-bone connection (LBB)
• Tendons
– muscle-to-bone connection (TMB)
• Adipose tissue
– Mostly fat cells
• Loose connective tissue
– tissue glue of the body
Muscle Tissue
• Function
– Movement through contraction and relaxation
Muscle Tissue – pg 826
• Structure – Muscle fibers – actin and myosin
– Smooth
• Involuntary
• Non striated
• Lines internal organs
– Skeletal
• Voluntary
• Striated
• Multinucleated
– Cardiac
• Involuntary
• Striated
Nervous Tissue
• Function
– Senses stimuli and
transmits signals
– Electrochemical
communication
– Coordination of body
activities
• Tissue Concept Map –
• Summarize Functions
AP Bio
• Have Organ Chart Ready to be checked as well
as endotherm and ectotherm chart
• Have bozeman notes ready (EC)
Organ Systems
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•
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•
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•
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Digestive
Circulatory
Respiratory
Immune
Lymphatic
Excretory
Endocrine
Reproductive
Nervous
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Overview
animals derive chemical energy from the
environment in food via digestive system
• digestion breaks down food into
nutrient molecules
+ some energy returns to
environment as feces – elimination
of waste
• nutrient molecules travel to body cells
via circulatory system
+ convert to useful form (ATP) in cells
- water and CO2 are excreted from the
body
• cells use ATP for cellular work and
biosynthesis
+ some energy lost as heat
• metabolic rate
+ amount of energy an animal uses
in a unit of time
+ BMR – Basal Metabolic Rate
Regulating the Internal Environment
Homeostasis
• the process of controlled and regulating the internal environment
+ interstitial fluid (fluid that fills spaces and transports materials)
Exchange with the environment
• Limits Body size and
plan, WHY?
– Available resources
– Available mutations
– Available exchange
surfaces
– MAINTAIN
HOMEOSTASIS
Fig. 40-4
External environment
CO2
Food
O2
Mouth
Respiratory
system
0.5 cm
50 µm
Animal
body
Lung tissue
Nutrients
Heart
Cells
Circulatory
system
10 µm
Interstitial
fluid
Digestive
system
Excretory
system
Lining of small intestine
Kidney tubules
Anus
Unabsorbed
matter (feces)
Metabolic waste products
(nitrogenous waste)
How do each of the systems maintain
homeostasis while interacting with the outside
environment?
• Digestive:
– Large surface area in the small intestine to absorb nutrients
– Enzymes and Acid in the stomach destroys pathogens
• Respiratory:
– Gas exchange in the lungs all based on O2 and CO2 diffusion
• Excretory:
– Balance of salts and nitrogenous wastes between the blood
stream and the kidneys
Homeostasis
• Negative Feedback:
–Stimulus: High blood sugar
–Set Point: Amt of glucose in
blood
–Response: Insulin released &
cells absorb glucose, blood
glucose levels drop back to set
point
– 40_08NegativeFeedback_A.swf
Homeostasis
• Positive Feedback:
–The production of a chemical or start of a process produces
more and the process cascades….
–At completion, the organism is far away from the initial set
point or the “normal condition.”
– 40_08PositiveFeedback_A.swf
Integumentary System
• Functions
– Protection
– Thermoregulation
– Excretion of metabolic wastes through sweat
Integumentary System
• Structure – mostly epithelial tissue
– 3 layers
• Epidermis – dead cells
• Dermis – living cells
–
–
–
–
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Hair follicles
Sweat and oil glands
Nerves
Muscle fibers
Blood vessels
• Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) – adipose (fat) cells –
connective tissue
Thermoregulation
• Maintenance of internal body temperature
• Ectotherms
– Regulate using the environment
• Endotherms
– Regulate using metabolism
– Negative feedback
• Shivering  increased metabolism  increased heat
• Sweating or Panting evaporative cooling  decreased
heat
• Vasodilation  increased blood flow  increased heat
• Vasoconstriction  decreased blood flow  decreased heat
• Skin Diagram
• Fill in structures and functions of each
structure
• Summary