Download Unit 5 Evolution, Natural Selection, and Classification Study Guide

 Unit 5 Evolution, Natural Selection, and Classification Study Guide Below are some key questions to help guide you in your preparation for the Unit 4 Exam. Look over each of the questions and ask yourself: Do I know this? Do I need some help with this question? Where can I go to get answers for this topic? Use your notes, quizzes, labs, and textbook to help you find these answers. I would also suggest trying the Chapter Assessments in your textbook as another way to test your knowledge. Good luck! Chapter 16: Darwin’s Theory of Evolution 1. Define evolution. 2. Who was Charles Darwin and what were the three patterns of biodiversity that he noticed on his voyage on the HMS Beagle? What was his major contribution to the field of evolution? 3. Explain the concept of “acquired characteristics” put fourth by Jean Baptiste LeMarck. What was wrong with this theory? 4. What is “artificial selection” and how did it influence Darwin? 5. What are the four components that “drive” Natural Selection? Provide an example in nature that explains how these conditions result in the selection of one form of a species over another. 6. What is meant by the term “descent with modification”? 7. Provide at least two reasons why Darwin’s work was so controversial. 8. Discuss four scientific discoveries/concepts that support Darwin’s conclusions about Natural Selection and Evolution. Read Chapter Summary – p 475 Chapter 19: History of Life 1. What are two opposing scientific theories for how life began on Earth? 2. Give a brief history of the Earth that includes at least six major events and the approximate time they occurred relative to each other. 3. Describe the four types of fossils discussed in class. What can fossils tell us about the past? (at least three) 4. Compare and contrast relative dating with radiometric dating? 5. Define extinction. Provide 2-­‐3 examples of events in the past that scientists believe have led to great extinctions in the past. What might be causing the current extinction event? 6. Distinguish between divergent and convergent evolution. 7. What is adaptive radiation? What is the “classic” example of adaptive radiation that Darwin discovered when traveling to the Galapagos Islands? 8. Describe the ideas of gradualism (“creepers”) and punctuated equilibrium (“jerks”) in terms of evolutionary patterns. Draw a diagram of each to illustrate your point. 9. What is co-­‐evolution? Provide an example. Read Chapter Summary – p 565 Chapter 17: Evolution of Populations 1. What are three sources of genetic variation in nature? 2. What is meant by the term gene pool? 3. What do changes in allele frequencies in a population tell us about evolution and/or speciation? 4. Describe how natural selection can shift or change allele frequencies in a populations gene pool? Draw three bell curves that show these changes and briefly describe why they occur? 5. What is meant by the term genetic drift? Explain how the “bottleneck effect” can lead to a “drift” in the gene pool (allele frequencies). 6. What are the five conditions necessary for the Hardy-­‐Weinberg Equilibrium to exist? Is there any place in nature where all five conditions would occur? If not, why do we use the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium? 7. Be able to calculate the frequencies of p, q, p2, q2, and 2pq in a given population where the recessive trait is known. Ex: 20 guinea pigs, 5 are homozygous white, 15 are brown. 8. What is speciation? Provide a scenario that explains how the gray fox might have changed into two completely different species. Read Chapter Summary – p 503 Chapter 18: Classification 1. Why do scientist classify organisms? (at least three) 2. How do scientist classify organisms? (based on what criteria-­‐at least four) 3. Why is the classification of organisms so difficult? (at least 2 reasons) 4. Who was Carolus Linneaeus and what was his major contribution to Taxonomy? 5. What is meant by binomial nomenclature? Write the scientific names of at least three organisms using the correct format. 6. What are the seven taxonomic categories used to classify living organisms from most general to most specific? 7. What is a dichotomous key and what is it used for? Be able to follow a dichotomous key through several steps to identify an unknown organism. 8. What is a cladogram? Complete the cladogram below by providing derived characters for letters A – H. 9. Distinguish between Domain and Kingdom? What are the three main domains of living organisms? 10. Briefly discuss the six kingdoms of living organisms. Include defining characteristics and examples for each kingdom. 11. Be sure to bring your Living Organisms Survey Table on the day of the Exam. Read Chapter Summary – p 531