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Available online at http://www.casrp.co.uk/conferences CASRP Publisher 1st International Conference on Medicine, Public Health and Biological Sciences (MPHBS) doi: 10.18869/MPHBS.2016.320 Open Access Camel Milk in Health: A Review Sara Amiri Fahliyani1*, Mostafa Mohammadi2 1*. Corresponding author, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan, Iran ([email protected]) 2. Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan, Iran Abstract Since last centuries, camel milk was used as an important food source for human health. Camel milk in hot and dry areas has a very important role in nutrition viewpoint. It is rich in nutrients and it is very different from other mammals’ milk in terms of compounds and therapeutic effects.In addition, because it is rich in vitamin C it can act as a powerful antioxidant. Waterin camel milkcompared to other mammals milk is the highest. Many studies have shown that becausecamel milk is rich in bioactive material and also has very lowlevels of cholesterol,proteinandsugar,and high levels of vitamins, minerals (zinc, iron, calcium, magnesium, etc.),lysozyme,lactoferrin, etc; it can be effective for the treatment of manydiseases. Camelmilk can be used in the treatment of stomach ulcers because it is rich in zinc and magnesium.Furthermore,it is used to treat skin diseases such as eczema and acne, autism, gastrointestinal disorders, wound healing, jaundice, diabetes, hepatitis B and C, cancer and also boosting the immune system. Camel milk is against high blood pressure. Because of lack of a protein called beta-lacto globulin in camel milk, its proteins do not cause food allergies. This study aimsto review properties and therapeutic effects of camel milk as well as its comparisonwith other mammals’ milk. © 2016 Published by CASRP publishing company Ltd. UK. Selection and/or peer-review under responsibility of Center of Advanced Scientific Research and Publications Ltd. UK. Keywords: Camel Milk, Medicinal Properties, Nutrition, Ingredients 1. Introduction Camel Milk is known as the most perfect food for humans that apart from its usual role for human nutrition, it can have the role of ultra-useful food. It is usually eaten fresh and it is the staple food of the desert inhabitants.Although the nomadic peoplewere not aware of bioactive compoundsofit but they believed that camel milk can be used as a medicine to treat a variety of diseases (Yagil, 2013).Because camel milk is rich in a variety of vitamins (especially vitamin C),minerals,lactoferrin, etc; it can be used as a drug for the treatment of liver disease,hepatitisBandC,bladder,psoriasis,spleen, stomach, intestine, food allergies, skin, high cholesterol, diabetes, and brain diseases (Yagil, 2013;Hosseini et al., 2015, Kaskous, 2016). During studies, it was shown that camel milk due to having abundant and appropriatenutrientscan be a suitable alternative for feeding babies (Hosseini et al., 2015). Given that in terms of chemical composition,camel milk is very different compared to cow's milk but nonetheless in terms of beingfull of all essential ingredients andnutritious it is the same as cow's milk (Table 1) (Patel et al., 2016). 2 .Camel milk features Camelmilk like milk of other animals is white and opaque, but its features that make it different is sweetness and a little saltier taste compared to milk of other animalssuchascow'smilk.In general, the taste of camel milk depends on drinking water and fodder type (Hosseini et al., 2015; Yadav et al., 2015; Patel et al., 2016). Another important feature of camel milk is water content that on average it is oscillating between87.75+2.75 percent. Also, the amount of vitamin C in it is almost 3 times of that found in cow'smilk. But the remarkable point is that despite the enormous benefits of camel milkcompared to other mammals milk, the vitamin C content is reduced by halfcompared tohumanmilk.Research done on camel milk has shown that unlike other mammals’ milk, camelmilk can bestored for a long time (more than 3 months) at 4 ° C (Mullaicharam, 2014; Patel et al., 2016). 3. Compounds in camel milk In general, camel milk contains compounds such as protein, fat, water and lactose (Table 1). Table 1. Camel milk components Water 88.95% Fat 3.67% Protein 3.22% Dry Matter 11.05% Ash 0.71% Specific Gravity 31.6% Acidity 0.165g/lit (Katouki, 2014) 3-1. Fat Fat of camel milk is about 2% that is less than other milk fats including Buffalo. In studies conductedby scientists it is determined that high value of camel milk is due to the presence of fattyacids and unsaturated acids that are essential and very useful for human health (Abdalla, 2014; Patel et al., 2016). One of theimportantfeatures of camel milk which distinguishes it from milk of other mammals is its low cholesterol. Camel milk contains various fatty acids that have been mentionedbelow(Table2) Table 2. Fatty acid in camel milk Fatty acid Value % by weight Butyric acid 0.31-0.75 Caproic acid 0.2-0.6 Caprylic acid 0.2-0.3 Capric acid 0.2-0.4 Lauric acid 1-1.8 Myristic acid 15.9-25.2 Myristoleic acid 1.7-4.5 Palmitic acid 25-29.5 Palmitoleic acid 6.1-19.1 Stearic acid 1.9-11.7 Oleic acid 6.8-24.9 Linoleic acid 0.9-0.2 Arachidic acid 0.6-3.4 (Singh et al., 2006) 3-2. Protein One of the most important and most original compositions of camel milk that has a major role in enhancingits nutritional value is protein in it. Protein in camel milk is variable on averagebetween2.07-5.2 percent (Barłowska et al., 2011; Abbas et al., 2013; Kaskous, 2016). Thisproteincontainsaminoacid that is very necessary for body(Table3) (Nikkhah, 2012). Recently, protein is discovered in camel milk that due to its similar performanceto thatof human insulin, it can be highly efficient in the treatment of diabetes(itsamountis 52 units/L). Also, because of lack of a protein called beta-lacto globulin in camel milk, camel milkproteinsdo not cause food allergies (Agrawal et al., 2007; Abdalla, 2014). Table 3. Amino acids profile of milk from various animal species FAO/WHO Amino acid concentration (g/100 g protein) Amino acid r e f e r e n c e f o rsubstantial Buffalo Sheep Cattle Camel Human amino acids Aspartic acid (Asp) n/a n/a 7.8 6.9 8.3 Threonine (Thr) 4.0 5.714 4.2 to 4.4 4.5 4.1 4.6 Serine (Ser) n/a n/a 4.8 4.3 5.1 Glutamic acid (Glu) n/a n/a 23.2 18.1 17.8 Proline(Pro) n/a n/a 9.6 12.0 8.6 Cysteine (Cys) 3.5(Cys+Met)_ 0.586 0.8 to 0.9 0.6 1 .9 1 .7 Glycine (Gly) n/a n/a 1 .8 2.1 2.6 Alanine (Ala) n/a n/a 3.0 2.1 4.0 Valine(Val) 5.0 6.760 6.2 to 6.4 4.8 4.1 6.0 Methionine (Met) 3.5 (Met + Cys) 0.928 2.7 1 .8 2.0 1 .8 Isoleucine (Ile) 4.0 5.714 4.6 4.2 4.9 5.8 Leucine(Leu) 7.0 9.792 9.7 to 9.9 8.7 6.1 10.1 Tyrosine (Tyr) 6.0 (Tyr + Phe) 3.858 3.7 to 3.8 4.5 3.1 4.7 Phenylalanine (Phe) 6.0 (Phe + Tyr) 4.713 4.2 to 4.3 4.8 4.0 4.4 Histidine (His) n/a n/a 3.0 2.1 2.3 Lysine (Lys) 5.5 7.497 7.7 to 7.8 8.1 4.0 6.2 Arginine (Arg) n/a n/a 3.3 2.0 4.0 Tryptophan (Try) 1.0 n/a n/a 1 .5 n/a 1 .8 Cysteine Cysteine Limiting aminoacid – Lysine – Methionine Methionine Dimitrov and others (2007); Gerchev and others (2005); Guo and others (2007); Kamal and others (2007) 3-2-1- Casein Camel milk contains many proteins whose most important one is casein (52-78 percent of totalmilkprotein). Generally, casein is divided into 4 categories of as1, as2, β, k that thevalue of each one isvariable (β: 65 percent and as1: 22 percent and as2: 9.5 percent and k: 3.5 percent) (Abbas et al., 2013; Gul et al., 2015; Brezovečki et al., 2015). 3-2-2- Whey proteins Among different types of proteins in camel milk about 20 or 25 percent of that is related to protein whey. Unlike cow's milk that the most important and most original whey protein of that is beta-lacto globulin (50%), alpha lactalbuminis the most common in camel milk. Whey proteins in camel milk contain a variety of compounds that the most important oftheminclude:Peptidoglycan, albumin serum, immunoglobulin, proteindetection of Peptidoglycan(PGPR)and lactoferrin (Abbas et al., 2013). 3-3. Lactose Lactose is the main carbohydrate found in camel milk that compared to cow's milk is the lowest amount(camel milk: 2.40 to 5.80 percent and cow's milk: 4.4 to 5.8 percent) (Abbas et al., 2013; Brezovečki et al., 2015). In addition, its digestion is easy for people with lactose intolerance. Therefore, camel milk is the only milk thatpeople with lactose intolerance not only do not have a problem to use it, but also it has beneficialeffects in the treatment of these individuals (Abdalla, 2014). 3-4. Minerals Minerals in camel milk are very diverse. Scientists have estimated the amount of these minerals is roughly variable between .6 -.9 percent that include: calcium, sodium, phosphorus, potassium, zinc, copper, magnesium and iron that among them, iron (Abbas et al., 2013; Abdalla, 2014), zinc and calcium have the highest concentration (Table 4) (Yadav et al., 2015). Table 4. Concentration of minerals in milk from various animal species Mineral(mg/100 g) Cattle Sheep Buffalo Human Camel Ca (mg/100 g 122 195 to 200 112 33 114to 116 P (mg/100 g) 119 124 to 158 99 43 87.4 K (mg/100 g) 152 136 to 140 92 55 144 to 156 Mg (mg/100 g) 12 18 to 21 8 4 10.5 to 12.3 Mn (μg/100 g) 20 5.3 to 9 27 70 80 Zn (μg/100 g) 530 520 to 747 410 380 530 to 590 Fe (μg/100 g) 80 72 to 122 161 200 230b to 290 Cu (μg/100 g) 60 40 to 68 35 60 140b Kondyli and others (2007); Patino and others (2007); Park and others (2007); Mehaia and others (1995); Raynal-Ljutovac and others (2008) 3-5. Vitamins Camel milk is rich in vitamins such as B1, B12, and B6, A, D, folic acid, niacin and vitamin C in large amounts (Table 5)(Barłowska et al., 2011; Abbas et al., 2013; Abdalla, 2014). Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant and it leads to reduce damage causedbyfreeradicals such as dry and wrinkles of skin. Findingsof researchers indicate that the amountof vitamin C in camel milk is 3 times of cow milk and 6 times of human milk (table 5) (Barłowska et al., 2011; Patel et al., 2016).Theyalso found that vitamin C in it causes to increase the absorption of calcium, and as a result it leads to improve patients with osteoporosis. Inaddition, high concentrations of vitaminClead to decrease pH of camel milkwhose value is between 6.5-6.7 (Yadav et al., 2015). This pH value makes the absorption of iron compounds in camel milk increased (Abdalla, 2014; Patel et al., 2016). Table 5. Vitamin concentration in milk from various animal species. in 100 g in 100 mL Vitamin Sheep Cattle Human Camel ∗ Vitamin A (IU), ( μg) 146 126 190 26.7 Vitamin D (IU), ( ∗μg) 1 .18 ∗ 2 1 .4 0.3 Thiamin (mg) 0.08 0.045 0.017 0.048 Riboflavin (mg) 0.376 0.16 0.02 0.168 Niacin (mg) 0.416 0.08 0.17 0.77 Pantothenic acid (mg) 0.408 0.32 0.20 0.368 Vitamin B6 (mg) 0.08 0.042 0.011 0.55 Folic acid (μg) 5 5 5.5 87 Biotin (μg) 0.93 2 0.4 – Vitamin B12 (μg) 0.712 0.357 0.03 85 Vitamin C (mg 4.16 0.94 5 33 Park and others (2007); Haddadin and others (2008) 3-6. Bioactive proteins 3-6-1. Immunoglobulins The results of studies by Harmers et.al, in 1993 showed that the immune system of camel isuniqueand different from other mammals. This difference is due to the small size of immunoglobulinand lack of short-chain in them. Immunoglobulin (IgM, IgD, IgG and IgA) that wasdetected in the serum of camels (Abdalla, 2014; Mullaicharam, 2014) can help to eliminate infections in milk such as EnterotoxigenicEscherichia coli (Nikkhah, 2012). As it was mentioned, antibodies in camel milk have only two heavy chainsandthey do not have light chains. The size of these antibodies is so small (one-tenth of a humanimmunoglobulinsize) that: 1) They can easily cross the blood-brain barrier. 2)They can be easily absorbed by the intestine in general blood circulation. 3) They are active againstantigen (Yagil, 2013; Abdalla, 2014; Yadav et al., 2015; Gader&Alhaider, 2016). But the remarkable point is that, unlike human immunoglobulin,immunoglobulins in camel milk are able to penetrate into tissues and cells. Among existing types of immunoglobulin,IgGincamel milk has higher level compared with other mammals’ milk (Abbas et al., 2013; Mullaicharam, 2014). 3-6-2.Lactoferrin Camel milk is rich in preventive proteins that the most important of them with the highest concentration is lactoferrin (Kaskous, 2016). This protein preventsovergrowth of microbes and pathogens. In fact, theprotein lactoferrin has anti-microbial, anti-fungal and anti-viral properties (Gader&Alhaider, 2016). Lactoferrin plays animportant role in iron transport and storage. Also, theresearchers’ findings suggest that lactoferrin plays an important role in lowering the growth of cancer cells. Studies conducted by Morin et.al, in 1995 showed that the lactoferrin in camel milk is higher than cow's, sheep`s and othermammals` milk (0.22 mg.ml– 1) (Abbas et al., 2013; Mullaicharam, 2014; Yadav et al., 2015). 3-7. Naturalenzymes 3-7-1.Lysozyme Compared to cows and human milk, camel milk has the highest amount of lysozyme(camelmilk:500 and 228 μg.100 mL-1, cow milk: 13 and 37 μg.100 mL-1). The results of the studies show that although presence of this enzyme, camel milk is able to remove many pathogenicfactorsespecially gram-positive bacteria (Abbas et al., 2013; Kaskous, 2016; Mullaicharam, 2014). 3-7-2. Lactoperoxidase Another preventive protein in camel milk is lactoperoxidase which has features such as proteolyticdigestion resistant, anti-bacterial effect (mainly on gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli) and anti-tumor. The results of studies by scientists show that this lactoperoxidasecan be separated from milk, tears and saliva (Kaskous, 2016; Mullaicharam, 2014; Yadav et al., 2015). 4. The health benefits of camel milk Many studies have shown that camel milk is important and unique in terms of nutritional property. Dueto having compounds such as lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulin,a variety of vitamins especially vitamin C, iron, zinc and manganese, this material can be used to treat a variety of diseases, including diseases of the stomach and intestines, low blood sugar,inflammation,low cholesterol level, tuberculosis, hypertension, hepatitis, diarrhea, autism,skindiseases (such as acne and eczema) andcancer (Kaskous, 2016; Patel et al., 2016). In 1998 Tezera while studying camel milk came to the conclusion that it can be used to treat diseases such as jaundice and malaria. The results of studies by EI- Agamyet in 1992 indicated that camel milk causes to increase body immunity system because of having protective proteins.Healso noted that camel milk has very amazing properties that are anti-viral, anti-cancer and anti-microbial (Yadav et al., 2015; Patel et al., 2016). 4-1. Camel milk and Crohn's disease Crohn is a type of autoimmune disease that affects different parts of the gastrointestinaltract.Symptoms of this disease include abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea,arthritis, vomiting, and even skin rashes.Shabo et.al, during their studies in 2008 found that camel milk is very effective and useful for the treatment of Crohn's disease (Yagil, 2013; Yadav et al., 2015). 4-2. Camel milk and digestive system disorders Because camel milk is rich in anti-inflammatory protein, it is useful for improving gastrointestinaldisorders (Kaskous, 2016). The researchers also found that camel milk causes to easily digest milk proteins due to having enzyme ACE (enzyme for conversion Anzhetnesis 1) (Yagil, 2013; Kaskous, 2016). The cause of diarrhea in children, especially children under age 5 varies, but the most common cause is rotavirus. Because camel milk is rich in antibodies against rotavirus, thus diarrhea canberesolved. One of the interesting results of the research by scientists is that camel milkcanactasa probiotic (Kaskous, 2016). 4-3. Camel milk and diabetes One of the most common diseases that most people around the world are affected is diabetes. In 2011, researchers have shown that the process of diabetes incidence is increasing (Isa et al., 2013; Abdalla, 2014). Diabetes is akindof disorder that increases blood sugar levels, which is divided into independent to insulin(diabetestype II) and insulin-dependent diabetes(diabetes type I).Today, in most communitiesdiabetestype I that is caused by the result of insulin deficiency is very common. During thestudies,scientists found that diabetes type I is developed when the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas(beta cells) are removed. As a result, the loss of beta cells will result in insulin deficiencyand eventually diabetes type I or insulin-dependent diabetes (Abdalla, 2014; Kaskous, 2016). Today, the treatment of diabetesis considered as one of the greatest challenges for researchers. In addition,non-treatmentof diabetes will cause to create complications on various organs that among the most importantof them are blindness in adults, kidney failure, and the effect on the nerves, etc. In researchon milk camel, it wasshown that as camel milk is rich in insulin, it can significantly reducediabetes (up to 66%). In fact, camel milk is considered as a natural source of insulin thatcanhave a significantimpact (Abdalla, 2014). Butthe interesting point to note is that unlike other mammals’ milksuch as human whose insulin iseasily destroyed in the acidic stomach environment, camel milk insulin is not destroyed in the stomach environment because it is encapsulated in nano-particles. It should be noted that the concentration of insulin in camel milk compared to cow's milk is much higher (52 -59 U/L) (Yadav et al., 2015; Gader&Alhaider, 2016). 4-4. Camel milk and high cholesterol One of the main reasons that cause heart- vascular disease in human beings is toincreasebloodcholesterollevels. During the studies carried out by researchers it was determined thatbecause of theinteractionbetween bioactive peptides and cholesterol levels as well as erotic acid incamelmilk,this valuable material can be useful in reducing blood cholesterol levels and thus reducingheartvascular disease. It should also be noted that camel milk when compared to cow's milk has very low cholesterol levels (Abdalla, 2014; Kaskous, 2016). 4-5. Camel milk and cancer One of the diseases thathave annually highmortality is cancer. Because treatment of thesediseasesis difficult, due to the unique properties and characteristics of camel milk, the researchersdecided to research camel milk to find a new way of cancer treatment. The results of the studies showed that milk and urine of camel has significant effect on the improvementofdifferentkinds of cancer such as breast, lung, throat and nose, etc. In addition, they also found that camel milk in differentconcentrations can inhibit cancer cells HepG2 growth(Figure 1) (Korashy et al., 2012; Kaskous, 2016; Gader&Alhaider, 2016). Fig. 1. Impact of camel's milk and cow's milk on the growth of cancer cells HepG2 (Korashy et al, 2012) These cells were under influence of different concentrations of camel's milk and cow's milk and then were incubated. Finally, using MTT method, the cell proliferation was assessed: Values are presented as percentage of the control (mean± SEM, n = 8). +P <0.05 compared to control (0 mg/mL). 4-6. Camel milk and Psoriasis The results of a study that was conducted on the effect of camel milk cream, it was indicated that camel milk cream has a significant effect on the treatment of psoriasis disease and can surprisinglyreduce symptoms of these diseases including itching, dryness and skin redness (Kaskous, 2016). 4-7. Camel milk and Tuberculosis Mycobacteria and mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the main cause of tuberculosis.Tuberculosisis an infectious disease that leads to a decrease in the immune system and thereby infecting the patient to other types of illnesses. According to the World Health Organization statistics, annually population of people with tuberculosis is increasing. To date, the treatment of thisillness is to use chemical drugs, which can lead to drug resistance in patients and ultimately thisdrug resistance can lead to ineffective drug against bacteria. Several scientists includingGorakh et.al, ALMAN and Farhuni in 2000 by studying camel milk found that camel milk due to having protective proteins play an important role in boosting the immune system and consequently the elimination of tuberculosis factor (Yadav et al., 2015; Kaskous, 2016). 4-8. Camel milk and Autism Autism is a type of autoimmune disease that by affecting enzymes responsible for the formation of amino acids of casein milk causes to create casomorphininstead of breaking it down intoaminoacids. This disease leads to damage of the brain in old age. Shabo and Yagli during their studies in 2005 concluded that children with autism were significantlyimproved as a result of regular consumption of camel milk. In fact, camel milk due to having protective proteins involved in metabolism prevent creating Autism symptoms (Yagil, 2013; Yadav et al., 2015; Kaskous, 2016). 4-9. Camel milk and autoimmune diseases In autoimmune diseases, the immune system rather than attacking foreigncellsmistakenlyattackitsown cells, leading to damage different tissues. Autoimmunediseases are chronic diseases that even in case of recovery require permanent care. Today, scientists because of the devastating effects of immunosuppressive drugs in immune system decided to find a new way to treat these diseases because as a result of taking medications that suppress the body's immune system, the body no longer canfight off infections. One of the compounds that because of having unique properties attracted many scientists is camel's milk. Many researchersduring their studies on camel milk found that camel milk, due to itsfeaturesandcomponents,improve the autoimmune diseases. During this studies, Hamers in 1998 during his researchshowedthat camel milk had a very strong and unique safety system, also due toitssmallimmunoglobulin, it can has positive results in treating autoimmune diseases (Yadav et al., 2015). 4-10. Camel milk and allergy Milk and other dairy products are like food which can lead to food allergies in people. Camel milk can be used to treat food allergies because it has beta-casein and no beta-lacto globulin (responsible for allergic reactions). Also, during scientists` studies, it was found that another feature that makes camel milk useful in the treatment of food allergies is its immunoglobulin.In a study that was conducted on children with food allergies, it was found that regular and continuousconsumption of camel milk is effective in recovery of them (Yadav et al., 2015; Gader&Alhaider, 2016). To review the ability of detecting epitopes on camel milk by IgE of children with allergies, inhibition ELISA test was used (figure 2). The results of this experiment showed that when the camel milk is used as an inhibitor, the IgE reaction to casein and WPs is zero while when the cow's milk is used as an inhibitor, IgE reaction to casein and WPs is an average of 65.8% and 39.8% (El-Agamy et al., 2009). Fig. 2.IgE-ELISA inhibition of cow and camel milk proteins (El-Agamy et al, 2006) 5. Comparing camel milk with cow's milk a) Compared to cow's milk, the amount of vitamin b1, A and E in camel milk is lower. b) Unlike cow's milk which contains carotene A, camel milk does not have this composition. c) Vitamin C in camel milk is three times higher than cow's milk d) Camelmilk has more vitamin C, protein, sugar and lower cholesterol compared to the milk of other mammals. e) Camel milk contains the highest amount of lactoferrin compared to other mammals like cow's milk (Yadav et al., 2015). Table 6. Compositional differences of camel milk and cow milk (Singh et al., 2006) Parameters Camel milk Cow milk Water (%) 90 87 Total solids (%) 10.00 13.00 Fat (%) 2.00 4.00 Insulin (μu/ml) 40.50 16.30 Iron (Mg/100g) 0.05 0.27 Calcium (Mg/100g) 132 120 Potassium (Mg/100g) 152 140 Zinc (Mg/100g) 0.50 0.40 Vitamin C (Mg/ml) 35 10 Niacin (Mg/ml) 4.60 0.60 Pantothenic acid (Mg/ml) 0.90 3.80 β-lacto globulin (Mg/ml) 0 3500 Whey acidic protein (Mg/ml) 157 0 Peptydoglycon recognition protein (Mg/ml) 107 0 β-lacto albumin (Mg/ml) 3500 1200 Kappa casein (%) 5.00 14.00 Casein micelles (μm) 320 160 Whey protein (%) 1.00 0.80 Omega-6 (%) 3.50 5.20 Omega-7 (%) 11.60 2.30 6. How to use camel milk Many researchers studied to find how they can increase the therapeutic effectof camel milk and they found that if before using camel milk, heavy meals and bedtime was avoided, camel milk has the highest effect (Hosseini et al., 2015). 6-1. Suitable time for consumption camel milk Camel milk can be consumed in different seasons, but studies have shown that it is better to use camel milk from spring to early summer. This duration is the best time for camel milk consumption in order to have greater impact (Hosseini et al., 2015). 7. Conclusion Camel milk is rich in nutrients that are very useful for human health. In addition, due to havingbio-active substances it can lead to improve many diseases. Because camel milk contains different substances and proteins compared to other mammals, it has a lot of therapeutic effects. Till now, it is used in the treatment of different diseases such as tuberculosis, diabetes, gastrointestinal disorders, jaundice, autism, high cholesterol, eczema, acne, preventing wrinkles, wound healing, lactose intolerance, hepatitis, reducing swelling, high blood pressure, cancer, asthma, allergies, anemia, etc. Itis hoped that by more research and reviews on camel milk properties, it is used to treat other diseases and also people use it more compared with cow milk. References Abbas, S., Hifsa, A., Aalia, N., &Lubna, S. (2013). Physico-chemical analysis and composition of camel milk. International Research, 2(2), 85-98. Abdalla, K. O. (2014). An Overview of the Therapeutic Effects of Camel Milk in the Treatment of Type1 Diabetes Mellitus. Biomolecular Research & Therapeutics, 2014. Agrawal, R. P., Budania, S., Sharma, P., Gupta, R., Kochar, D. K., Panwar, R. B., &Sahani, M. S. (2007). 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