Download PE Unit 4 Outcome 1 (Part 2) - Engage Education Foundation

Physical Education
Unit 4, Outcome 1 (Part 2): Chronic adaptations as a result of training
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E ducation
Foundation
Chronic aerobic cardiovascular adaptations
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Decreased resting heart rate: The resting heart rate is decreased due to an increase in stroke volume
which is the volume pumped by the heart with each stroke. As this is increased the body can easily supply
its oxygen demands at a lower heart rate.
Increased stroke volume: The amount of blood pumped by the heart is increased. This is
predominantly caused by an increase in the cardiac muscle size which allows for greater stretching and
thus filling of the heart.
Increased size of the heart muscle: The cardiac muscle increases in size this is also known as
hypertrophy, the allows the heart to fill with a greater volume of blood and pump that blood more forcefully
from the heart.
Increased cardiac output: During exercise there is an increase in cardiac output this is predominantly
due to an increase in stroke volume. Cardiac output is calculated by stroke volume X heart rate.
Increased capillerisation of skeletal muscle: This means there is an increase in the number of
blood vessels in the muscle themselves this allows for greater oxygen exchange therefore more oxygen is
getting to the working muscles.
Increased blood volume and haemoglobin: Blood volume and haemoglobin is increased giving the
blood a greater oxygen carrying capacity, therefore more oxygen is able to get to the working muscles
increasing performance.
Increased high density lipids: Lipids that are beneficial for the body are increased through training.
Decreased blood cholesterol, low density lipids and triglycerides: These substances lead to
heart disease and other cardiac problems.
Chronic aerobic respiratory adaptations
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Respiratory rate decreases: respiratory rate decreases at rest and exercise due to the increase in tidal
volume which is the amount of oxygen inhaled and exhaled per breath.
Increased tidal volume: the amount of oxygen that is inhaled per breath is increased. Allowing more
oxygen to get into the body and being transported to the working muscles.
Increased pulmonary diffusion: Is the amount of oxygen diffusing from the lungs into the blood.
Increased oxygen uptake (VO2 max): This means there is an increase in the amount of oxygen taken
in, transported around and utilised by the body.
Increased lung ventilation: Lung ventilation is calculated by (respiration rate X tidal volume). Tidal
volume is the driving factor in increasing ventilation.
Increased lactate inflection point (LIP): As there is an increase in the amount of oxygen the body is
getting in it has a greater capacity to oxidise and remove lactate.
Chronic muscular adaptations
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Increased number and size of mitochondria within muscle fibres: Increased mitochondrial
number and size allows for greater aerobic energy production and lactate removal.
Increased myoglobin within muscles: Myoglobin is the protein in muscles that extracts oxygen from
the blood into the muscles, an increase in this means more oxygen is extracted from the blood.
Increase in muscular fuel stores: This allows for the body to be more efficient in producing energy as
there is less effort in converting and transporting fuel as it is already where it is needed.
Increase oxidation of fats and glycogen: The body has an increased capacity to oxidise fuels for
energy production .
Decreased lactic acid production: As the aerobic energy system production is more efficient, the
body relies on anaerobic pathways less reducing the amount of lactic acid produced.
Increased glycolytic enzymes: more enzymes means more energy can be produced faster.
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Increased AVO2 difference: This is because of the increased myoglobin extracting greater amounts of
oxygen from the blood.
Increased muscle size (Hypertrophy): There is an increase in muscle size due to an increase in
storage capacity and muscle fibres.
Chronic muscular and cardiovascular anaerobic adaptations:
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Muscular Hypertrophy: There is an increase in the muscle size and an increase in the number of fast
twitch type 2B fibres that are responsible for anaerobic energy production.
Increased muscular stores of ATP and CP: There are increased stores of ATP and CP the means
that the body can use these energy systems for longer and work at the higher intensity due to the fast rate
of ATP product.
Increased glycolytic capacity: This is due to increased enzyme production as an increase in enzymes
mean that more ATP can be produced at faster speeds.
Cardiac hypertrophy: The cardiac muscle itself is increased this predominantly occurs in the left
ventricle wall which is thickened allowing for blood to be more forcefully ejected from the heart.
Increased lactic acid tolerance: Muscles have an increased buffering capacity so that they can still
function and work with higher levels of H+ ions meaning fatigue will be delayed and they can use the
anaerobic pathways for longer.
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