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Transcript
Learning
Learning Definitions
„
A relatively permanent change in an
organism’s
organism
s behavior due to experience
‰
„
Much learning occurs through association
‰
„
Our behavior – our understanding of the world –
adapts to the world around us
Connection between events related by time or
meaning
Classical conditioning & Operant conditioning
1
Classical Conditioning
ƒ
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An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) triggers…
An unconditioned response (UCR) in a
person or other animal
ƒ
If you repeatedly present a neutral stimulus
just before the UCS…
ƒ
It will become a conditioned stimulus (CS)
and trigger a conditioned response (CR)!
ƒ
Pavlov’s Salivating Dogs
2
Operant Conditioning
ƒ
To increase behavior:
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
Positive reinforcement: g
give a desirable stimulus
Negative reinforcement: take away an aversive
stimulus
To decrease behavior:
ƒ
ƒ
Positive punishment: give an aversive stimulus
Negative punishment: take away a desirable
stimulus
An Example
Negative
Positive
Punishment
Reinforcement
3
Schedules for Operant Conditioning
ƒ
ƒ
Continuous: the desired response is
reinforced every time it occurs or every
period of time
Partial (intermittent)
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ƒ
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Fixed-ratio: after a set number of responses
Variable-ratio: after random number of responses
Fixed-interval:
Fixed
interval: after a set time interval
Variable-interval: after random time intervals
Partial reinforcement schedules are more
effective
Creating new behavior
„
„
Operant conditioning only works if they
sometimes perform the behavior, but…
Shaping can create new and complex behavior
‰
‰
Reward approximations of the behavior
Frequently used in animal training or with children
4
Role of Cognition
„
„
„
„
Cognition was initially dismissed
Classical works best if participants know
about it
During operant, participants can learn
underlying principle
Operant conditioning can backfire if people
would perform the behavior anyway
‰
Reinforcement can undermine intrinsic motivation
Modeling
„
„
„
„
Observe others engaging in behavior and
copy it
Mirror neurons may be dedicated to this task
Benefits: learn without doing, shows what is
appropriate
Bandura demonstrated social learning
(modeling) in children who observe
aggressive behavior
‰
‰
Saw model interacting with toy
Then allowed to play with it themselves
5