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Four diffusely connected systems of central neuromodulators. A) Noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus innervate the spinal cord, cerebellum,
several nuclei of the hypothalamus, thalamus, basal telencephalon, and neocortex. B) Serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei project to the
hypothalamus, limbic system, neocortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord. C) Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra project to the striatum and those in
the ventral tegmental area of the midbrain project to the prefrontal cortex of the limbic system. D) Cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain complex
project to the hippocampus and the neocortex and those in the pontomesencephalotegmental cholinergic complex project to the dorsal thalamus and the
forebrain. (Reproduced with permission from Boron WF, Boulpaep EL: Medical Physiology. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier; 2005.)
Source: Neurotransmitters & Neuromodulators, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 25e
Citation: Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks HL. Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 25e; 2016 Available at: http://mhmedical.com/
Accessed: May 06, 2017
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