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Transcript
Your life is cellular!!! All living things are composed of cells. And the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in living things. So you are made of cells.. It is a ‘cell theory’. cell’s genetic information and controls the cell’s activity. Cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus and cytoplasm build basic cell structure. First, cell membrane is a thin, flexible barrier around the cell. Some cells have cell wall. Cell wall is strong layer membrane. Nucleus is a large structure that contains the around the cell Inside the cell membrane, there is cytoplasm. It includes many important structures of cells but nucleus. Cells can be divided to 2 categories: eukaryotes & prokaryotes. The eukaryotic cells do have nucleus, but prokaryotic cells don’t. Dig into the roles of structure (plant) 1. Mitochondrion: Uses energy from food to make high-energy compounds 2. Golgi reticulum: An internal membrane system in which apparatus: Stack of membranes in which enzymes attach carbohydrates and lipids to proteins. components of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed. 5. Ribosome: Small particle of RNA and protein that produces protein following instructions from nucleus. 6. Vacuole: Saclike structure that stores materials. 3. Chloroplast: Uses energy from sunlight to 7. Lysosome: Filled with enzymes used to break down food into particles that can be used. make energy-rich food. 4. Page 1 Endoplasmic Diffusion vs. Active transport Diffusion is the process by which molecules of a substance move from areas of permeable which means that some substances can pass across them and others can’t. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. higher concentration to areas of lower Active transport makes material to moves concentration. Diffusion is also responsible from an area of lower concentration to an for the movement of some materials across area the cell membranes. transport requires the input of energy. Most membranes are of greater concentration. Active selectively 7-4 The Diversity of Cellular Life Unicellular Organisms Cells are the basic living units of all organisms, but sometimes a single cell is a little more than that. A single-celled organism is also called a unicellular organism. Like other cells, unicellular organisms do everything that you would expect a living thing to do such as growing, responding to the environment, and reproducing. Some of the examples of unicellular are yeast, volvox aureus, and leptospira interrogans. Unicellular organisms include both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes, especially bacteria, are remarkably adaptable. Bacteria live almost everywhere; in soil, on leaves, in the ocean, in the air, and even within the human body. Many eukaryotes also spend their lives as single cells. Some types of algae, which contain chloroplasts and are round in oceans, lakes, and streams around the world, are single-celled. Yeast and unicellular fungi are also widespread. Multicellular Organisms The cells of multicellular organisms, such as human beings, do not live on their own. They are depending on each other, like a member of baseball team. Each player has a function that contributes to the success of the team. Organisms that are made up of many cells that work together are called multicellular organisms. Multicellular organisms have cell specialization, or separate roles for each type of cell. Pancreatic cells are a good example of cell specialization. These cells are specialized to produce protein enzymes that make it possible to digest food. To perform this function, these cells contain enormous amounts of the organelles involved in protein synthesis-rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and clusters of storage vacuoles loaded with protein. Levels of Organization The levels of organization in a multicellular organism are individual cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. Cells The organization of the cells of the body creates a division of labor among those cells that makes multicullular life possible. Specialized cells such as nerve and muscle cells are able to exist because other cells are specialized to obtain the food and oxygen that those cells need. This specialization and interdependence is one of the remarkable attributes of living things. Appreciating this is and important step in understanding the nature of living things. Tissue In multicellular organisms, cells-the first level of organization-are organized in specialized groups called tissues. A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a particular function. Organs Many tasks within the body are too complicated to be carried out by just one type of tissue. Many groups of tissues work together as an organ. For example, each muscle in your body is an individual organ. Within a muscle, however, there is much more than muscle tissue. There is nerve tissue, and there is connective tissue, which connects different parts of the body. Each tissue performs and essential task to help the organ function. Organ Systems A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function is called an organ system. Vocabulary 1. Cell Specialization-separate roles for each type of cell in multicellular organism. 2. Tissue-group of similar cells that perform a particular function. 3. Organ-group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function. 4. Organ System-group of organs that work together to perform a specific function. Quick Quiz 1. The cell that don’t contain is [0 Eukaryote 0 Prokaryote]. Prokaryotes* 2. Thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell is called . Cell membrane* 3. A large structure inside some cells that contains the cell’s activities is . Nucleus* 4. Biologist divide cells into two categories are and . Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes* 5. Strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria is called . Cell Wall* chapter 7 the beastz s e m o s o b i r l o a t g cells e o r g e u e a r a a o s s cellmembrane s r m o t r r t r t n c a y nucleus e a u r o v a c u o l e l s ribosomes t l l g y c w o b o s l p n cellwall s u t a r a p p a i g l o g vacuole a l i n a n c m u r m m r c chloroplast l l c s k s g e a s o e o e prokaryotes r e e y o r t e l r u m l s eukaryotes l c l s r c e i g l k b h s tissues u i l t pe e a sa w r c c nn u e ep n l t s r a oa r u l mos u e l c u n l r oe a s l u l a r s c e a l r h r e uk a r yo t e ss organs golgiapparatus organsystems unicellular multicellular