Download Cells - ahsbiology

Your life is cellular!!!
All
living
things
are
composed of cells. And the
cell is the basic unit of
structure and function in
living things. So you are
made of cells.. It is a ‘cell
theory’.
cell’s genetic information and controls the cell’s activity.
Cell membrane, cell wall,
nucleus
and
cytoplasm
build basic cell structure.
First, cell membrane is a
thin, flexible barrier around
the cell. Some cells have
cell wall. Cell wall is strong
layer
membrane. Nucleus is a large structure that contains the
around
the
cell
Inside the cell membrane, there is cytoplasm. It includes
many important structures of cells but nucleus.
Cells can be divided to 2 categories: eukaryotes &
prokaryotes. The eukaryotic cells do have nucleus, but
prokaryotic cells don’t.
Dig into the roles of structure (plant)
1. Mitochondrion: Uses energy from food to make
high-energy compounds
2.
Golgi
reticulum: An internal membrane system in which
apparatus:
Stack of membranes in
which enzymes attach
carbohydrates and lipids
to proteins.
components of cell membrane and some proteins are
constructed.
5. Ribosome: Small particle of RNA and protein that
produces protein following instructions from nucleus.
6. Vacuole: Saclike structure that stores materials.
3. Chloroplast: Uses
energy from sunlight to
7. Lysosome: Filled with enzymes used to break
down food into particles that can be used.
make energy-rich food.
4.
Page 1
Endoplasmic
Diffusion vs. Active transport
Diffusion
is
the
process
by
which
molecules of a substance move from areas of
permeable
which
means
that
some
substances can pass across them and others
can’t. Osmosis is the diffusion of water
through a selectively permeable membrane.
higher concentration to areas of lower
Active transport makes material to moves
concentration. Diffusion is also responsible
from an area of lower concentration to an
for the movement of some materials across
area
the cell membranes.
transport requires the input of energy.
Most
membranes
are
of
greater
concentration.
Active
selectively
7-4 The Diversity of Cellular Life
Unicellular Organisms
Cells are the basic living units of all organisms, but sometimes a single cell is a
little more than that. A single-celled organism is also called a unicellular organism. Like
other cells, unicellular organisms do everything that you would expect a living thing to
do such as growing, responding to the environment, and reproducing. Some of the
examples of unicellular are yeast, volvox aureus, and leptospira interrogans.
Unicellular organisms include both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Prokaryotes,
especially bacteria, are remarkably adaptable. Bacteria live almost everywhere; in soil,
on leaves, in the ocean, in the air, and even within the human body. Many eukaryotes
also spend their lives as single cells. Some types of algae, which contain chloroplasts
and are round in oceans, lakes, and streams around the world, are single-celled. Yeast
and unicellular fungi are also widespread.
Multicellular Organisms
The cells of multicellular organisms, such as human beings, do not live on their
own.
They are depending on each other, like a member of baseball team. Each player
has a function that contributes to the success of the team. Organisms that are made up
of many cells that work together are called multicellular organisms. Multicellular
organisms have cell specialization, or separate roles for each type of cell. Pancreatic
cells are a good example of cell specialization. These cells are specialized to produce
protein enzymes that make it possible to digest food. To perform this function, these
cells contain enormous amounts of the organelles involved in protein synthesis-rough
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and clusters of storage vacuoles loaded with
protein.
Levels of Organization
The levels of organization in a multicellular organism are individual cells,
tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Cells
The organization of the cells of the body creates a division of labor among
those cells that makes multicullular life possible. Specialized cells such as nerve and
muscle cells are able to exist because other cells are specialized to obtain the food and
oxygen that those cells need. This specialization and interdependence is one of the
remarkable attributes of living things. Appreciating this is and important step in
understanding the nature of living things.
Tissue
In multicellular organisms, cells-the first level of organization-are organized in
specialized groups called tissues. A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a
particular function.
Organs
Many tasks within the body are too complicated to be carried out by just one
type of tissue. Many groups of tissues work together as an organ. For example, each
muscle in your body is an individual organ. Within a muscle, however, there is much
more than muscle tissue. There is nerve tissue, and there is connective tissue, which
connects different parts of the body. Each tissue performs and essential task to help the
organ function.
Organ Systems
A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function is called an organ
system.
Vocabulary
1. Cell Specialization-separate roles for each type of cell in multicellular organism.
2. Tissue-group of similar cells that perform a particular function.
3. Organ-group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function.
4. Organ System-group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.
Quick Quiz
1. The cell that don’t contain is [0 Eukaryote 0 Prokaryote]. Prokaryotes*
2. Thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell is
called
. Cell membrane*
3. A large structure inside some cells that contains the cell’s activities is
. Nucleus*
4.
Biologist
divide
cells
into
two
categories
are
and
. Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes*
5.
Strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria is
called
.
Cell Wall*
chapter 7
the beastz
s e m o s o b i r l o a t g cells
e o r g e u e a r a a o s s cellmembrane
s r m o t r r t r t n c a y nucleus
e a u r o v a c u o l e l s ribosomes
t l l g y c w o b o s l p n cellwall
s u t a r a p p a i g l o g vacuole
a l i n a n c m u r m m r c chloroplast
l l c s k s g e a s o e o e prokaryotes
r e e y o r t e l r u m l s eukaryotes
l c l s r c e i g l k b h s tissues
u i l t pe e a sa w r c c
nn u e ep n l t s r a oa
r u l mos u e l c u n l r
oe a s l u l a r s c e a l
r h r e uk a r yo t e ss
organs
golgiapparatus
organsystems
unicellular
multicellular