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3
CHAPTER SUMMARY
Chapter 3 is the transition chapter between microscopic and macroscopic anatomical study. Students
are asked to examine the microscopic structure of an individual cell, then to intellectually build those
individual cells into body tissues that perform specialized functions.
First, the anatomy of a generalized cell is presented. It is important to start with a
generalized cell (i.e., one that has all the representative parts of all cells) in order for students to gain a
clear understanding of the basic components of cells. From that basis, they are then able to discern
which structures are essential to every cell and which structures are variable depending upon function
of any specific cell or group of cells. The components contained within the nucleus, plasma
membrane, and cytoplasm are discussed, followed by an explanation of the various organelles which
enable life to be sustained. The structure and function of ribosomes, smooth and rough endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi apparati, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, cystoskeleton, and centrioles are
presented.
A discussion of cell diversity follows a presentation of the anatomical structure of the cells’
component parts. This is the point at which students learn to differentiate between an average or
generalized cell and any specific cell (e.g., they begin to understand the similarities as well as the
necessary differences between blood cells, bone cells, etc.). Cell physiology is presented next, with an
explanation of both active and passive transport processes, followed by a discussion of cell division. A
brief explanation of protein synthesis and the role of genes in DNA transcription and translation is
presented to make the replication picture complete.
The final section of this chapter presents body tissues and their functions.
Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues are differentiated, followed by an overview of
the developmental aspects of cells and tissues.
SUGGESTED LECTURE OUTLINE
Part 1: Cells (pp. 61–85)
I.
II.
OVERVIEW OF THE CELLULAR BASIS OF LIFE (pp. 62–63)
A.
Major Elements in Cell Structure
B.
Electrolytes—metals in ionic form carry electrical charge
C.
Fluid—approximately 60% of all living things
1.
Interstitial Fluid
ANATOMY OF A GENERALIZED CELL (pp. 63–71)
A.
The Nucleus (pp. 63–64)
1.
Nuclear Envelope
2.
Nucleoli
3.
Chromatin
B.
The Plasma Membrane (pp. 64–66)
1.
Selectively-permeable lipid bilayer
a.
Hydrophilic (“water-loving”) polar heads
b.
Hydrophobic (“water-hating”) nonpolar tails
2.
Specializations of the Plasma Membrane
a.
Microvilli
b.
Tight Junctions
c.
Desmosomes
TEACHING TIP
P
resent phagocytosis (cell eating)
and bulk-phase endocytosis
(pinocytosis, or cell drinking) by first
identifying their word parts. Explain
that both processes are part of
endocytosis, where the cell brings
substances inside. Be sure that
students understand that bulk-phase
endocytosis is not just taking in water,
but is in fact a means of bringing in
extracellular fluid and the dissolved
substances within that fluid.
MEDIA TIP
V
oyage Inside the Cell (FHS;
15 min., 1999). With computer
generated images and instructive
narrative, the viewer is taken on a
journey inside a living cell.
C.
d.
Gap Junctions
The Cytoplasm (pp. 66–71)
1.
Cytoplasmic Organelles
a.
Mitochondria—ATP replenishment
b.
Ribosomes—protein synthesis
c.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)—network within cytoplasm
i.
Rough ER
ii.
Smooth ER
d.
Golgi Apparatus—modify and direct cellular protein transport
i.
Secretory Vessels
e.
Lysosomes—digestive enzymes
f.
Peroxisomes—detoxification using molecular oxygen
i.
Free Radicals—highly-reactive chemicals
g.
Cytoskeleton—internal framework
i.
Intermediate filaments
ii.
Microfilaments
iii.
Microtubules
h.
Centrioles—direct formation of mitotic spindle
i.
Other Structures in Specialized Cells
i.
Cilia
ii.
Flagella
III.
CELL DIVERSITY (pp. 71–72)
A.
Cells that Connect Body Parts
1.
Fibroblasts
2.
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
B.
Cells that Cover and Line Body Organs
1.
Epithelial Cells
C.
Cells that Move Organs and Body Parts
1.
Skeletal Muscle
2.
Smooth Muscle
D.
Cells that Store Nutrients
1.
Fat Cells
E.
Cells that Fight Disease
1.
Macrophages—phagocytosis
F.
Cells that Gather Information and Control Body Functions
1.
Nerve Cell (Neuron)
G.
Cells of Reproduction
1.
Oocyte—female
2.
Sperm—male
IV.
CELL PHYSIOLOGY (pp. 72–85)
A.
Membrane Transport (pp. 72–79)
1.
The Fluid Environment
a.
Solution
b.
Solvent
c.
Solutes
d.
Intracellular Fluid
e.
Interstitial Fluid
f.
Selective Permeability
2.
Passive Transport Processes: Diffusion and Filtration
a.
Diffusion—molecules move down concentration gradient
i.
Simple Diffusion
B.
C.
ii.
Osmosis
iii.
Facilitated Diffusion
b.
Filtration—nonselective hydrostatic pressure gradient
3.
Active Transport Processes—ATP pumps against gradient
a.
Solute Pumping—simultaneous sodium-potassium pump
b.
Bulk Transport
i.
Exocytosis
ii.
Endocytosis
 Phagocytosis
 Fluid-Phase Endocytosis—pinocytosis
 Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
Cell Division (pp. 79–83)
1.
Cell Life Cycle
a.
Interphase
b.
Cell Division
2.
Preparations: DNA Replication
a.
DNA double-helix unwinds
b.
Each strand acts as template
3.
Events of Cell Division
a.
Mitosis—division of nucleus
i.
Prophase—nuclear envelop disappears
ii.
Metaphase—chromosomes cluster and align along equator
iii.
Anaphase—chromosomes pulled toward opposite poles
iv.
Telophase—nuclear envelop reforms
b.
Cytokinesis—division of cytoplasm
Protein Synthesis (pp. 83–85)
1.
Genes: The Blueprint for Protein Structure
2.
The Role of RNA
a.
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
b.
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
c.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
3.
Transcription—information transfer from DNA base sequence onto
complementary mRNA base sequence
a.
Codon—three-base sequence on mRNA
4.
Translation—base sequence “language” of nucleic acid becomes “language”
of proteins within cytoplasm
a.
Anticodon—three-base sequence on tRNA
Part 2: Body Tissues (pp. 85–98)
I.
EPITHELIAL TISSUE (pp. 86–90)
A.
Special Characteristics of Epithelium (p. 86)
1.
Apical Surface
2.
Basement Membrane
B.
Classification of Epithelium (pp. 86–90)
1.
Simple Epithelia—one layer of cells
a.
Simple Squamous Epithelium—rapid diffusion
b.
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium—glands and their ducts
c.
Simple Columnar Epithelium—single layer of tall cells
I.
Goblet Cells—lubricating mucous
II.
Mucous Membranes (Mucosa)—body exterior
d.
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium—falsely appears to be
stratified
2.
3.
II.
I.
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
Stratified Epithelia—more than one layer of cells
a.
Stratified Squamous Epithelium—most common stratified
b.
Stratified Cuboidal and Stratified Columnar Epithelia
c.
Transitional Epithelium—able to endure stretching
Glandular Epithelium—one or more cell types that manufacture a secretion
a.
Endocrine Glands—ductless secretion into blood vessels
b.
Exocrine Glands—ducts empty secretions onto external or internal
body surface
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (pp. 90–95)
A.
Common Characteristics of Connective Tissue (pp. 90–91)
1.
Protect, support, and bind together body tissues
2.
Well-vascularized
3.
Extracellular matrix containing ground substance
B.
Types of Connective Tissue (pp. 91–95)
1.
Bone (osseous)—within lacunae
2.
Cartilage
a.
Hyaline (“glass”)—most abundant
b.
Fibrocartilage—intervertebral disks
c.
Elastic cartilage—external ear
3.
Dense Connective Tissue—strong rope-like structures
a.
Collagen—main matrix element
b.
Fibroblasts—bone-forming cells
c.
Tendons—attach muscle to bone
d.
Ligaments—attach bone to bone
4.
Loose Connective Tissue—soft and pliable structures
a.
Areolar Tissue—cushions and protects body organs
b.
Adipose Tissue—subcutaneous storage cells for fat
c.
Reticular Connective Tissue—delicate network
5.
Blood—vascular tissue
a.
Blood Cells
b.
Blood Plasma
III.
MUSCLE TISSUE (pp. 95–97)
A.
Types of Muscle Tissue (pp. 95–97)
1.
Skeletal Muscle—voluntary control of muscle contraction
a.
Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with striations
2.
Cardiac Muscle—involuntary control within heart
a.
Relatively short, uninucleate, branching cells connected by
intercalated disks for rapid impulse conduction
3.
Smooth (Visceral) Muscle—involuntary contraction and dilation
a.
Uninucleate, spindle-shaped with no visible striations in hollow
organs
b.
Peristalsis—slow wave-like GI tract motions
IV.
NERVOUS TISSUE (p. 97)
A.
Neurons—exhibit irritability and conductivity
B.
Supporting Cells—insulate, support, and protect delicate neurons
V.
TISSUE REPAIR (WOUND HEALING) (pp. 97–98)
A.
Regeneration—destroyed cells replaced
B.
Fibrosis—dense fibrous connective tissue repair leaves scar tissue
C.
Tissue Injury Series of Events
1.
Capillaries become very permeable
2.
Granulation tissue forms
3.
Surface epithelium regenerates
Part 3: Developmental Aspects of Cells And Tissues (pp. 98–99)
I.
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS
A.
Appropriate cell division during critical growth periods
B.
Amitotic cells
C.
Neoplasm—benign or malignant
D.
Hyperplasia
E.
Atrophy