Download Module 43 44 45 test bank 2015

1. Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people
think about, influence, and relate to one another?
A) developmental psychology
B) social psychology
C) personality psychology
D) clinical psychology
2. Attribution theory was designed to account for:
A) the process of revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to others.
B) the impact of both heredity and environment on social behavior.
C) the loss of self-awareness that occurs in group situations.
D) how people explain others' behavior.
3. Fritz Heider concluded that people tend to attribute others' behavior either to their:
A) heredity or their environment.
B) biological motives or their psychological motives.
C) thoughts or their emotions.
D) dispositions or their situations.
4. Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her
explanation for the accident provides an example of:
A) the bystander effect.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
D) a dispositional attribution.
5. The fundamental attribution error refers to our tendency to underestimate the impact of
________ and to overestimate the impact of ________ in explaining the behavior of
others.
A) role influences; informational influences
B) informational influences; role influences
C) personal dispositions; situational influences
D) situational influences; personal dispositions
6. An example of the fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to
underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by:
A) genetics.
B) assigned roles.
C) their level of motivation.
D) personality traits.
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7. We have a tendency to explain the behavior of strangers in terms of ________ and to
explain our own behavior in terms of ________.
A) informational influence; normative influence
B) situational constraints; personality traits
C) normative influence; informational influence
D) personality traits; situational constraints
8. In explaining the actions of people we do not know well, we often demonstrate:
A) the bystander effect.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
9. The fundamental attribution error is likely to be restrained by observing someone:
A) in a variety of situations.
B) who is unemployed.
C) who is wealthy.
D) we dislike.
10. Carol is restless during class because her professor's distressed facial expressions lead
her to believe that he dislikes teaching. The professor, on the other hand, is distressed
because he sees Carol's restlessness as an indication that she lacks any motivation to
learn. At this point, both student and professor should be informed of the dangers of:
A) role-playing.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) the fundamental attribution error.
11. The fundamental attribution error is likely to lead observers to attribute a stranger's:
A) lack of employment to a weak economy.
B) act of kindness to a compassionate personality.
C) criminal behavior to a poor education.
D) friendliness to social role requirements.
12. Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior.
A) norms and roles
B) goals
C) belief-based feelings
D) dispositional attributions
13. A person's behavior is most likely to be consistent with his or her attitudes when:
A) the attitudes are implicit rather than explicit.
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B) social influences on behavior are minimal.
C) the person has not publicly communicated those attitudes.
D) the attitudes are discrepant with most other people's opinions.
14. The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the:
A) fundamental attribution error.
B) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
C) mere exposure effect.
D) effect of situational attributions.
15. The foot-in-the-door phenomenon refers to the tendency to:
A) adopt the attitudes related to the role you are playing.
B) change your attitude because of the discomfort you feel when your attitude and action
conflict.
C) comply with a large request if you have previously complied with a small request.
D) experience an increasing attraction to novel stimuli as they become more familiar.
16. After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch “Be a Safe Driver” sign, California
home owners were highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive
“Drive Carefully” sign in their front yards. This best illustrates:
A) a situational attribution.
B) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) social facilitation.
17. The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best
described as a(n):
A) ingroup bias.
B) attribution.
C) attitude.
D) role.
18. Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students
to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of:
A) team membership on social loafing.
B) self-disclosure on conciliation.
C) frustration on aggression.
D) role-playing on attitudes.
19. The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called:
A) cognitive dissonance.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
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C) catharsis.
D) social loafing.
20. Which theory best explains why our actions can lead us to modify our attitudes?
A) scapegoat theory
B) cognitive dissonance theory
C) equity theory
D) the two-factor theory
21. We are most likely to experience cognitive dissonance if we feel:
A) little sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally
disapprove.
B) little sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally
approve.
C) a great sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally
disapprove.
D) a great sense of responsibility for engaging in behaviors of which we personally
approve.
22. Fernando's favorable attitude toward capital punishment began to change when he
was asked to offer arguments opposing it in a university debate class. His attitude change
is best explained by ________ theory.
A) cognitive dissonance
B) equity
C) scapegoat
D) the two-factor
23. Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as:
A) group polarization.
B) the chameleon effect.
C) social facilitation.
D) social loafing.
24. If a cluster of people stand gazing upward, passersby will often pause to do likewise.
This best illustrates:
A) the mere exposure effect.
B) the bystander effect.
C) social loafing.
D) the chameleon effect.
25. Research participants believed that the Asch conformity test involved a study of:
A) altruism.
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B) visual perception.
C) learning.
D) aggression.
26. Solomon Asch reported that individuals conformed to a group's judgment of the
lengths of lines:
A) only when the group was composed of at least six members.
B) even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect.
C) even when the group seemed uncertain and repeatedly altered its judgment.
D) only when members of the group were friends prior to the experiment.
27. Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's
not. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if:
A) he has publicly voiced his opinion on this issue.
B) there is obvious disagreement among team players regarding the issue.
C) he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team.
D) there are very few team members whom he currently wants to befriend.
28. Professor Jones is a member of the faculty committee on academic standards. He
personally disagrees with the other committee members' proposed plan to begin accepting
students with below-average grades. Professor Jones is most likely to vote in favor of
their plan if:
A) the other committee members are unanimous in their opinion.
B) he stated his personal opinion early in the committee's discussion.
C) committee voting is done by private ballot.
D) he has a high level of self-esteem.
29. Normative social influence results from peoples' desire to:
A) clarify reality.
B) maintain personal control.
C) gain social approval.
D) demonstrate self-restraint.
30. Kentaro hates to wear ties but wears one to his sister's wedding to avoid his family's
disapproval. Kentaro's behavior exemplifies the importance of:
A) the mere exposure effect.
B) informational social influence.
C) normative social influence.
D) social facilitation.
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31. After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular
exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. The change in Raul's
behavior best illustrates the impact of:
A) normative social influence.
B) the chameleon effect.
C) social facilitation.
D) informational social influence.
32. A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage:
A) nonconformity.
B) ingroup bias.
C) groupthink.
D) group polarization.
33. Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience
experiment because:
A) the “learners” made so few learning errors under stressful circumstances.
B) the “teachers” actually enjoyed shocking another person.
C) the “teachers” were more obedient than most people would have predicted.
D) the “learners” obediently accepted painful shocks without any protest.
34. The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the:
A) “teachers” actually seemed to enjoy shocking the “learners.”
B) “learners” received painful electric shocks even if they had heart problems.
C) experiments were performed despite mass student protests against the research.
D) “teachers” were deceived and frequently subjected to stress.
35. In Milgram's obedience experiments, “teachers” exhibited a somewhat lower level of
compliance with an experimenter's orders when:
A) the experiment was not associated with a prestigious institution like Yale University.
B) the “learner” complained of a slight heart condition just before the experiment began.
C) the “learner” screamed as the shocks became more punishing.
D) the “learner” was in another room where his physical well-being couldn't be observed
by the “teacher.”
36. In 1942, reserve police officers obeyed orders to kill some 1500 Jews in the village of
Jozefow, Poland. This incident illustrated that people are most likely to be destructively
obedient when:
A) they fail to realize their actions are morally wrong.
B) their victims are distant and depersonalized.
C) they perceive their orders to come from legitimate authority figures.
D) they derive personal satisfaction from destructive acts.
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37. According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of
obedience is that:
A) people are naturally predisposed to be hostile and aggressive.
B) even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction.
C) the desire to be accepted by others is one of the strongest human motives.
D) people value their freedom and react negatively when they feel they are being coerced
to do something.
38. Social facilitation refers to the tendency to:
A) neglect critical thinking because of a strong desire for social harmony within a group.
B) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
C) lose self-restraint in group situations that foster anonymity.
D) comply with a large request if one has previously complied with a small request.
39. The presence of others does not always lead to social facilitation because:
A) an increasing familiarity with novel stimuli facilitates liking.
B) the loss of self-restraint often accompanies arousal and anonymity.
C) arousal encourages performance of the most likely response.
D) group discussion enhances whatever attitude is initially dominant in the group.
40. Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone.
When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best
illustrates:
A) social facilitation.
B) group polarization.
C) the bystander effect.
D) the mere exposure effect.
41. The presence of others ________ a person's performance on well-learned tasks and
________ a person's performance on unmastered tasks.
A) improves; has no effect on
B) hinders; improves
C) has no effect on; hinders
D) improves; hinders
42. The tendency for people to exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward
a common goal is known as:
A) deindividuation.
B) the bystander effect.
C) social loafing.
D) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
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43. University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they
were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the
same rope. This best illustrates:
A) social loafing.
B) the chameleon effect.
C) group polarization.
D) social facilitation.
44. Deindividuation refers to:
A) lack of critical thinking due to a strong desire for social harmony within a group.
B) the tendency to overestimate the impact of personal dispositions on another's behavior.
C) a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and
anonymity.
D) the enhancement of a group's prevailing attitudes through group discussion.
45. When New York University women were dressed in Ku Klux Klan-style hoods, they
demonstrated significantly more aggression. This finding is best explained in terms of:
A) social facilitation.
B) groupthink.
C) deindividuation.
D) ingroup bias.
46. Group polarization is most likely to occur in a group in which:
A) little communication is possible.
B) individuals share a similar opinion.
C) each individual has a unique perspective.
D) individuals have not formed any opinion.
47. Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher
than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all
conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This
episode provides an example of:
A) social facilitation.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) group polarization.
D) deindividuation.
48. A terrorist mentality that becomes increasingly extreme among people who interact
without outside moderating influences best illustrates:
A) the bystander effect.
B) deindividuation.
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C) group polarization.
D) social loafing.
49. The ill-fated decision of President John F. Kennedy and his advisors to invade Cuba
best illustrates the dangers of:
A) deindividuation.
B) the bystander effect.
C) the mere exposure effect.
D) groupthink.
50. Which of the following processes most obviously operates in groupthink?
A) social facilitation
B) ingroup bias
C) group polarization
D) self-disclosure
51. Which of the following comments is most likely to be made in a group characterized
by groupthink?
A) “In order to proceed democratically, we need to know the honest opinions of all group
members.”
B) “We all seem to be in basic agreement, so there's no sense in continuing our
discussion of this issue.”
C) “Do any of you see any potential problem with our group's position?”
D) “As a group, we have to think carefully about all the pros and cons surrounding this
issue.”
52. A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites
experts' critiques of her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit:
A) groupthink.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) social facilitation.
D) the bystander effect.
53. Prejudice is best defined as:
A) the tendency to favor members of one's own group.
B) an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members.
C) a perceived incompatibility of actions or goals.
D) the belief that victims of misfortune deserve their fate.
54. Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial
emotions are called:
A) superordinate goals.
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B) situational attributions.
C) stereotypes.
D) social norms.
55. Which of the following individuals most clearly adheres to a stereotype?
A) Vladimir, who is especially attracted to Latin-American women
B) Peter, who feels very uncomfortable interacting with African-Americans
C) Robin, who is convinced that university professors are usually impractical and
forgetful
D) Cyril, who never hires people over age 50 to work in his restaurant
56. Prejudice is a(n) ________; discrimination is a(n) ________.
A) dispositional attribution; situational attribution
B) ingroup bias; outgroup bias
C) normative influence; informational influence
D) attitude; behavior
57. On the basis of what Americans say, in the last half-century:
A) gender prejudice has decreased and racial prejudice has increased.
B) gender prejudice has increased and racial prejudice has decreased.
C) gender prejudice has decreased and racial prejudice has decreased.
D) gender prejudice has increased and racial prejudice has increased.
58. Studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often:
A) triggered by deindividuation.
B) a response to frustration.
C) automatically activated.
D) unlearned.
59. At a conscious level, Aaron doesn't think he's prejudiced. Yet he automatically feels
uncomfortable in situations where he has to interact with people of different races from
his own. Aaron's experience best illustrates the distinction between:
A) equity and self-disclosure.
B) situational and dispositional attributions.
C) explicit and implicit attitudes.
D) normative and informational social influence.
60. In one experiment, white respondents typically took longer to identify words such as
peace and paradise as “good” when the words were associated with black-sounding
names rather than white-sounding names. This best illustrated:
A) the mere exposure effect.
B) group polarization.
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C) mirror-image perceptions.
D) implicit prejudice.
61. In one study, researchers found that police officers judge black faces that appear more
typical of their race to be more:
A) childlike.
B) unattractive.
C) familiar.
D) criminal.
62. When Americans were surveyed about their gender preferences if they could have
only one child, a ________ reported having a gender preference. Of those who had a
gender preference, the _______ said they would prefer a girl.
A) majority; majority
B) minority; minority
C) majority; minority
D) minority; majority
63. Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying:
A) group polarization.
B) deindividuation.
C) the bystander effect.
D) social inequalities.
64. Placing people into groups based on the arbitrary outcome of a coin toss leads people
to show favoritism to their own group when dividing any rewards. This best illustrates:
A) the mere exposure effect.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) deindividuation.
D) ingroup bias.
65. Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. This best
illustrates:
A) the just-world phenomenon.
B) ingroup bias.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) scapegoating.
66. According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from:
A) stereotypes.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) ingroup bias.
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D) frustration.
67. Montel, a white university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Ever
since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward
racial minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be
explained in terms of:
A) the chameleon effect.
B) the just-world phenomenon.
C) the scapegoat theory.
D) deindividuation.
68. People tend to perceive the members of an outgroup as ________ each other and the
members of an ingroup as ________ each other.
A) different from; similar to
B) similar to; different from
C) similar to; similar to
D) different from; different from
69. Twenty Wallonians were arrested for nonviolent crimes, whereas 20 Pireaneans were
arrested for violent crimes. The tendency to judge that more crimes were committed by
Pireaneans than by Wallonians best illustrates the power of:
A) ingroup bias.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) deindividuation.
D) vivid cases.
70. In laboratory experiments, merely observing someone receive painful electric shocks
leads viewers to think less of the victim. This reaction is best explained in terms of:
A) the just-world phenomenon.
B) the bystander effect.
C) the scapegoat theory.
D) the mere exposure effect.
71. Only when experimental participants were informed that a woman was raped did they
perceive the woman's behavior as inviting rape. This best illustrates that victim-blaming
is fueled by:
A) the bystander effect.
B) the foot-in-the-door-phenomenon.
C) hindsight bias.
D) deindividuation.
72. According to the text, aggression always involves:
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A) physical damage.
B) anger and hostility.
C) the intent to hurt.
D) a reaction to frustration.
73. Which of the following persons is most clearly acting aggressively?
A) a noisy neighbor who often mows his lawn at 8 o'clock on Saturday mornings
B) a child who tries to hit another child with a rock
C) an assertive salesperson who interrupts your evening meal with a telephone sales pitch
D) a careless motorist who accidentally hits a small child running in the street
74. The fact that human aggression varies widely from culture to culture most strongly
suggests that it is not:
A) a reaction to frustration.
B) influenced by social norms.
C) an unlearned instinct.
D) a product of deindividuation.
75. Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on
aggression.
A) proximity
B) deindividuation
C) genetic influences
D) the bystander effect
76. The Y chromosome is the most well-known genetic marker identifying those who are
most likely to:
A) form stereotypes.
B) engage in aggression.
C) experience cognitive dissonance.
D) commit the fundamental attribution error.
77. When a mild-mannered woman had an electrode implanted in her amygdala, she:
A) developed more aggressive tendencies.
B) acted just as she had before the implantation.
C) became even milder, unable to even say “no” to anyone's request for help.
D) lost her ability to remember events that had recently occurred.
78. Aggressive behavior is most likely to be ________ by injections of testosterone and
________ by consumption of alcohol.
A) increased; decreased
B) decreased; increased
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C) increased; increased
D) decreased; decreased
79. The frustration-aggression principle suggests that anger results when:
A) false stereotypes influence perceptions of others.
B) an attempt to achieve some goal is blocked.
C) there are striking differences of opinion among group members.
D) self-awareness and self-restraint are reduced.
80. After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let
all the air out of the tires. His action is best explained in terms of the:
A) foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
B) fundamental attribution error.
C) bystander effect.
D) frustration-aggression principle.
81. Stress often generates a readiness to be aggressive that is associated with:
A) stereotyping.
B) ingroup bias.
C) social facilitation.
D) the fight-or-flight reaction.
82. Ostracism has been observed to intensify:
A) self-disclosure.
B) aggression.
C) hindsight bias.
D) ingroup bias.
83. Animals that have successfully fought to get food or mates become increasingly
ferocious. This best illustrates that aggression is influenced by:
A) superordinate goals.
B) scapegoating.
C) frustration.
D) reinforcement.
84. High violence rates among white Americans in southern U.S. towns settled by ScotsIrish herders illustrate the impact of ________ on aggression.
A) ingroup bias
B) social influence
C) superordinate goals
D) hindsight bias
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85. Minimal levels of father care are associated with high levels of:
A) altruism.
B) group polarization.
C) discrimination.
D) aggression.
86. Violent pornographic movies often perpetuate the myth that:
A) many women enjoy aggressive sexual encounters.
B) most rapes are commonly committed by victims' dates or acquaintances.
C) women are more likely rape victims than are men.
D) most rapes are never reported to the police.
87. After watching a large number of violent pornographic movies, Ollie will probably
be:
A) more likely to believe that such movies should be banned.
B) less likely to believe that women are seriously harmed by rape.
C) more likely to favor long prison sentences for convicted rapists.
D) less likely to believe that women enjoy aggressive sexual treatment from men.
88. Coercive men who believe the rape myth are likely to engage in sexually aggressive
behaviors that reflect a misleading:
A) hindsight bias.
B) social script.
C) bystander effect.
D) two-factor theory.
89. Our mental tapes of culturally prescribed ways of interacting with others in specific
situations are called:
A) social scripts.
B) situational attributions.
C) superordinate goals.
D) mirror-image perceptions.
90. Experimental studies indicate that college men who are randomly assigned to play a
violent video game:
A) experience increasing levels of arousal and become increasingly likely to hurt a fellow
student.
B) experience decreasing levels of arousal and become decreasingly likely to hurt a
fellow student.
C) experience increasing levels of arousal and become decreasingly likely to hurt a
fellow student.
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D) experience decreasing levels of arousal and become increasingly likely to hurt a
fellow student.
91. In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games
involves:
A) acquiring social scripts.
B) role-playing aggression.
C) desensitization to violence.
D) priming aggressive thoughts.
92. Although the effect dissipates within an hour or so, one violent TV program is most
likely to ________ in its viewer.
A) provoke frustration
B) reduce angry feelings
C) trigger violent behaviors
D) prime aggressive thoughts
93. Vince, an extraverted university freshman, has just moved into a dormitory. Vince is
most likely to become friends with:
A) Alfonse, a junior who is majoring in psychology and lives across the hall.
B) Mohammed, an introverted student who lives on the next floor and enjoys playing
chess.
C) James, a lonely sophomore who lives down the hall and is undecided about his major.
D) Bill, his assigned roommate who is majoring in computer science.
94. The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people:
A) perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others.
B) become more extreme in their opinions following group discussion.
C) more readily comply with a large request if they previously complied with a small
request.
D) experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar.
95. Four equally attractive women silently attended a 200-student class for zero, 5, 10, or
15 class sessions. When shown slides of each woman, students in the class rated the
women who had attended ________ class sessions as the most attractive.
A) zero
B) 5
C) 10
D) 15
96. After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel
affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates:
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A) the fundamental attribution error.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) mirror-image perceptions.
D) the bystander effect.
97. What determined whether college freshmen who had been randomly paired for a
Welcome Week dance liked each other?
A) similarity in attitudes
B) similarity in intelligence
C) physical attractiveness
D) self-disclosure skills
98. Makato, a 21-year-old university junior, is physically unattractive. Compared to
good-looking students, Makato is more likely to:
A) be physically coordinated and athletic.
B) have difficulty making a favorable impression on potential employers.
C) earn low grades in his college courses.
D) be well liked by other male college students.
99. People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their:
A) feelings of popularity.
B) level of earned income.
C) frequency of dating.
D) self-esteem.
100. Felippe, a 19-year-old university freshman, is very talkative, intelligent, assertive,
and politically conservative. Research suggests that he would be most likely to develop a
close friendship with:
A) Toren, who is talkative and assertive.
B) Erez, who is quiet and passive.
C) Tom, who is intelligent and quiet.
D) Fabio, who is politically liberal and talkative.
101. Which of the following is most clearly supported by research on social attraction?
A) The beautiful are the lonely.
B) Birds of a feather flock together.
C) Familiarity breeds contempt.
D) Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
102. The two-factor theory of emotion has been used to explain:
A) passionate love.
B) discrimination.
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C) the mere exposure effect.
D) the just-world phenomenon.
103. Casandra, who is attractive and likable, has just telephoned Mike and asked him for
a date. According to the two-factor theory of emotion, Mike is likely to experience the
most intense romantic feelings for Casandra during their telephone conversation if he has
just:
A) awakened from a short nap.
B) finished eating a delicious meal.
C) completed a series of aerobic exercises.
D) been studying his history lecture notes.
104. In an experiment by Dutton and Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive
woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying
footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. This experiment was designed
to study the factors that contribute to:
A) the bystander effect.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) passionate love.
D) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
105. The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings
cool is known as:
A) altruism.
B) self-disclosure.
C) companionate love.
D) the mere exposure effect.
106. Which of the following is true of non-Western cultures, as compared to Western
cultures? They have:
A) lower divorce rates and consider passionate love as more important for marriage.
B) higher divorce rates and consider passionate love as less important for marriage.
C) lower divorce rates and consider passionate love as less important for marriage.
D) higher divorce rates and consider passionate love as more important for marriage.
107. Ellie is unusually attractive and intelligent, and she works hard to please her
husband. He displays little affection for her, however, and spends most of the family's
resources on his own interests. Ellie's relationship with her husband is best characterized
as:
A) deindividuated.
B) companionate.
C) inequitable.
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D) implicit.
108. Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily
confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This best illustrates the value of:
A) passionate love.
B) social facilitation.
C) self-disclosure.
D) the mere exposure effect.
109. Following the 9/11 terrorist attack on New York, people across the country donated
their time and money to assist the devastated community. This behavior best illustrates:
A) altruism.
B) deindividuation.
C) the bystander effect.
D) the just-world phenomenon.
110. The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated
social psychological research on:
A) altruism.
B) the mere exposure effect.
C) the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.
D) the effects of exposure to violent pornography.
111. When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk in apparent
discomfort, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the
man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly
illustrates one of the dynamics involved in:
A) the mere exposure effect.
B) the fundamental attribution error.
C) social loafing.
D) the bystander effect.
112. Darley and Latané observed that most university students failed to help a person
having an epileptic seizure when they thought there were four other witnesses to the
emergency. The students' failure to help is best explained in terms of:
A) the ingroup bias.
B) a failure to interpret the incident as an emergency.
C) indifference and apathy.
D) diffusion of responsibility.
113. The bystander effect refers to the tendency for an observer of an emergency to
withhold aid if the:
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A) emergency takes place in a large city.
B) observer has just endured a frustrating experience.
C) emergency is being observed by a number of other people.
D) observer has been exposed to many similar emergencies in the past.
114. Which of the following people would be most likely to help Gita study for her
history exam?
A) Gita's older brother, who probably has nothing better to do that evening
B) Gita's mother, who is excited about the unexpected bonus she just received from her
employer
C) Gita's father, who always points out how differently men and women think and act
D) Gita's younger sister, whose boyfriend just canceled their date for the next evening
115. To a social psychologist, a perceived incompatibility of goals is indicative of:
A) social loafing.
B) prejudice.
C) conflict.
D) group polarization.
116. Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another
demonstrate:
A) the chameleon effect.
B) deindividuation.
C) GRIT.
D) mirror-image perceptions.
117. Noncompetitive contact between members of two different ethnic groups is likely to
reduce prejudice when the contact is between individuals with:
A) ingroup bias.
B) implicit prejudice.
C) equal status.
D) mirror-image perceptions.
118. Sherif's study of conflict in a Boy Scout camp indicated that conflict between two
groups of boys could be reduced most effectively by:
A) bringing the members of both groups into close contact.
B) having one group make conciliatory gestures to the other group.
C) allowing leaders of the two groups to communicate.
D) exposing the groups to tasks that required their joint cooperation.
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119. If one were to generalize from Sherif's study of conflict resolution between two
groups of children campers, the best way for the United States and China to improve their
relationship would be to:
A) hold highly publicized athletic contests between the two countries.
B) minimize their trade and economic exchanges.
C) conduct a joint space program designed to land humans on Mars.
D) allow citizens of each country the right to freely immigrate to the other country.
120. In one experiment, white Americans read a newspaper article about a foreign
terrorist threat against all Americans. They subsequently expressed:
A) an increased sense of deindividuation.
B) reduced confidence in their personal religious beliefs.
C) lowered approval of the president's job performance.
D) reduced prejudice against African-Americans.
121. Pablo and Sabina argued bitterly about which of them should have use of the family
car that night. Neither realized, however, that Sabina needed the car only in the early
evening and that Pablo needed it only in the late evening. Pablo and Sabina's failure to
resolve their argument for their mutual benefit illustrates a failure to develop:
A) mirror-image perceptions.
B) ingroup bias.
C) a win-win solution.
D) GRIT.
122. GRIT attempts to reduce conflict through:
A) third-party mediation.
B) intimidation.
C) conciliation.
D) pacifism.
123. Which of the following would be most consistent with a GRIT strategy?
A) announcing that even a small attack on an ally will result in a nuclear attack on the
enemy
B) announcing that defense expenditures will be cut by 5 percent and inviting the enemy
to do likewise
C) announcing that one has formed an alliance with several countries encircling the
enemy
D) announcing that the opposing party's invasion of a neutral country will be challenged
in an international court of law
43
43 36. According to attribution theory, Pablo is most likely to attribute his high score on a
difficult exam to (AP94)
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(A) Good luck
(B) His intelligence
(C) His instructor's teaching ability
(D) The low level of difficulty of the exam
(E) His classmates' inadequate preparation for the exam
43 39. According to cognitive dissonance theory, human beings are motivated to (AP99)
(A) Respond to an inborn need to pass their genes to the next generation
(B) Maintain an optimal level of arousal
(C) Satisfy basic needs such as hunger before proceeding to higher needs such as
selfactualization
(D) Reduce tensions produced by inconsistent thoughts
(E) Satisfy needs resulting from tissue deficits
43 2. Which type of psychologist would be interested primarily in studying whether
people behave differently in groups than they do when alone? (AP04)
(A) Experimental
(B) Cognitive
(C) Developmental
(D) Social
(E) Clinical
43 94. According to the theory of fundamental attribution error, when explaining the
failures of others we usually underestimate the significance of (AP04)
(A)Situational factors
(B)Dispositional factors
(C)Motivational factors
(D)Support systems
(E)Inherited traits
43 80. Which of the following do individuals experience when their behavior is
inconsistent with their attitude? (AP04)
(A)Approach-avoidance conflict
(B)Cognitive dissonance
(C)Intrinsic motivation
(D)Homeostatic motivation
(E)Overjustification
43
58. According to the fundamental attribution error, which of the following is most likely
to be a student’s explanation for a classmate’s failing exam grade? (AP13)
(A) The classmate was too lazy to study hard.
(B) There were too many picky questions on the exam.
(C) The classmate was not well.
(D) The classmate missed class too often.
(E) The classmate had no quiet place to study.
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76. When a person experiences two thoughts that are incompatible, psychological tension
may be produced, leading to an attempt to reconcile the discrepant thoughts. Which of the
following concepts best characterizes this response? (AP13)
(A) Approach-avoidance conflict
(B) Drive reduction
(C) Self-actualization
(D) Opponent process
(E) Cognitive dissonance
44
44 17. The failure of bystanders to give victims of automobile accidents needed
assistance is sometimes explained as an instance of (AP94)
(A) Group polarization
(B) deindividuation
(C) Situational attribution
(D) Diffusion of responsibility
(E) Mere exposure effect
44 68. Which of the following was true of Solomon Asch’s experiments on conformity?
(AP94)
(A) People conformed if they knew and respected the authority figure present.
(B) An increase from 7 to 12 confederates increased conformity by experimental
subjects.
(C) Experimental subjects conformed less frequently when their judgments were made
known to the group.
(D) About 99% of the judgments made by the experimental subjects were wrong.
(E) If the confederates' judgments were not unanimous, the degree of conformity by
experimental subjects decreased.
44 69. Which of the following concepts was advanced by social psychologists to help
explain why people who are part of a crowd sometimes commit aggressive, antisocial
acts that they would not commit if they were alone? (AP94)
(A) Groupthink
(B) Cognitive dissonance
(C) Social facilitation
(D) Deindividuation
(E) Catharsis
44 92. Which of the following studies has had the most profound impact on ethical issues
in psychological research? (AP94)
(A) Stanley Milgram's study of obedience
(B) Solomon Asch's study of conformity
(C) Daryl Bem's study of self-perception
(D) William McGuire's study of self-concept
(E) Leon Festinger's study of cognitive dissonance
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44 42. The more people present at a scene, the less likely it is that anyone will help a
person in need. This phenomenon is a manifestation of (AP99)
(A) Diffusion of responsibility
(B) Social facilitation
(C) Situational ambiguity
(D) A social norm
(E) Reciprocity
44 64. In Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments, subjects were LEAST likely to
deliver maximum levels of shock when the (AP99)
(A) Experiment was conducted at a prestigious institution
(B) "Learner" screamed loudly in pain
(C) Experimenter told hesitant subjects,
"You have no choice, you must go on"
(D) "Learner" said that he had a heart condition
(E) Subjects observed other subjects who refused to obey the experimenter's orders
44 36. Which of the following is considered an explanation of why bystander intervention
is less likely to occur if there is a large number of witnesses to a crime? (AP04)
(A)Prejudice
(B)Social facilitation
(C)Diffusion of responsibility
(D)Group polarization
(E)Self-efficacy
44 100. Social facilitation theory focuses on situations in which the presence of others
causes an individual’s performance to (AP04)
(A)Remain unchanged
(B)Decline
(C)Improve
(D)Spontaneously recover
(E)Become fixated
44 67. Which of the following explains the behavior of normally law-abiding people who
act destructively when they are part of a crowd? (AP04)
(A)Group polarization
(B)The mere exposure effect
(C)Deindividuation
(D)Entrapment
(E)Fundamental attribution error
44 48. Solomon Asch’s findings on conformity might best be used to explain why (AP04)
(A)Members of a family all like the taste of bananas
(B)Adolescents follow fads in dress and hairstyle
(C)People are less likely to accept blame for their failures than to accept credit for their
successes
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(D)Bystander intervention is more likely to occur when few, rather than many, bystanders
are present
(E)Performance is enhanced in the presence of others
Move to 44….43 or 44 75. A club president discovers that contributions of club members
drop when the total contribution of all members is published rather than the contributions
of individuals. This drop can be explained by the phenomenon of (AP04)
(A)Group polarization
(B)Learned helplessness
(C)Social loafing
(D)Social facilitation
(E)Socialization
44
14. The graph above depicts the extent to which individuals in groups of various sizes
exerted themselves while they performed a certain task. What does the information
illustrate? (AP13)
(A) Social loafing
(B) Social facilitation
(C) Group polarization
(D) Groupthink
(E) Minority influence
35. The results of Stanley Milgram’s studies on obedience suggested that(AP13)
(A) obedient people are unable to empathize with others
(B) most people resist social coercion
(C) most people will not physically harm others even if ordered to do so
(D) most people will obey perceived authority figures’ instructions to harm others
(E) people usually obey their consciences when allowed to decide whether to follow
orders
83. In the experiments of Solomon Asch, the tendency of group members to conform was
reduced most by which of the following factors? (AP13)
(A) The presence of a single dissenter
(B) Frequent interaction among the group members
(C) The appointment of a democratic leader
(D) A decentralized communication network
(E) The threat of punishment
45
45 13. Research findings in the area of interpersonal attraction indicate that individuals
are most likely to be attracted to others who are (AP94)
(A) Critical of them
(B) Similar to them in attitudes and values
(C) Like their parents
(D) Willing to do favors for them
(E) Indulgent of their failings
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45 27. According to research on attraction, people are most likely to be attracted to others
who are (AP99)
(A) Very different from themselves
(B) Similar to themselves in many ways
(C) Barely known or complete strangers
(D) More physically active than they themselves are
(E) Less physically attractive than they themselves are
45
47. Research on physical attractiveness has shown that(AP13)
(A) most people disregard physical attractiveness when forming first impressions of
others
(B) judgments of women’s personalities are affected by their physical attractiveness, but
judgments of men’s personalities are not
(C) desirable personality characteristics are typically ascribed to good-looking people
(D) good-looking people tend to be viewed as less intelligent and competent
(E) men are less likely than women to make biased judgments of others based on physical
appearance
89. Diffusion of responsibility has been used to explain which of the following findings
in social psychology? (AP13)
(A) People often conform because of peer pressure.
(B) People in a group lose their individual identity and become more cohesive.
(C) A person who is alone while witnessing an emergency is more likely to help than if
he were part of a group.
(D) People often perform better when working in a group than when working alone.
(E) Many participants obey a researcher even if the researcher’s instructions might lead
to harm for another participant.
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