Download Unit 11 Animals

Animal Diversity & Systems
From Invertebrates to Vertebrates
The “Big 5” of Kingdom Animalia PG
148 (12-1)
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Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Heterotrophic
Motile
No cell walls
Taxonomy Review
• Kingdom
– Phylum
- Class
-Order
- ???
- ???
- ???
Which group is the largest? Which is the smallest?
Invertebrate Evolution
Phylum Porifera PG 148
• Ex: sponges
• aquatic
• No tissues/organs
• Filter feeders (intracellular
digestion)
• Diffusion w/surrounding
water
• Hard spicules for protection
Digestive System
• Intracellular digestion
– Can only eat tiny food
particles
(smaller than cells)
– Ex: sponges
• Extracellular digestion
– Can eat big food; must
have gut of some type
– Ex. All other animals
Digestive System
• Incomplete digestive
system
– Only one opening;
inefficient!
– Ex: jellyfish &
flatworms
• Complete digestive
system
– Two openings
(mouth & anus)
– Ex: all other higher
animals!
Phylum Cnidaria
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aquatic
Radial symmetry
Stinging cells to get food
Incomplete digestive
cavity
• Simple muscle & nerve
cells
Ex: jellyfish, corals,
sea anemones
Animals exhibit symmetry:
• Asymmetry
– No symmetry
– ex: sponges
• Radial Symmetry
– No front/back, only top/bottom
– Ex: jellyfish
• Bilateral Symmetry
– Front/back/top/bottom
– Ex: most all other animals
• Nerves allow for movement and sensory input
• Cephalization – is the centralization of nerve tissue to
the head region – better movement/ brain formation
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Ex: Planaria
(free-living);
tapeworms
& flukes
(parasitic)
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Flat!
Aquatic or parasitic
Bilateral – head region
Tissues, but no organs
• Incomplete digestive
system
• Simple muscles &
nerves
• No body cavity
Having a body cavity allows for more
specialization of organs:
• Acoelomates
– No cavity; Ex:
flatworms
• Pseudocoelomates
– “false” cavity; Ex:
round worms
• Coelomates
– True cavity; Ex:
earthworms & all
higher
Phylum Nematoda
• Ex: roundworms, pinworms
• round
• Most are parasitic
• Complete digestive system
• Bilateral symmetry
• Pseudocoelomate
Nervous System
- Nerves allow for movement and sensory input
•Some animals like sponges, have no nervous
tissues.
•Others, like the jellyfish have some cells to detect
stimuli.
•Most animals developed nerves and a brain.
Phylum Mollusca
•Soft bodies
•Mantle secretes shell
•Bilateral symmetry
•Coelomate
•Complete digestive
system
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda
“stomach-foot” molluscs
ex: snails & slugs
sensory tissue
1 shell*
herbivores/predators
Phylum Mollusca
Class Bivalvia
“two shell” molluscs
ex: clams, oysters, scallops
filter feeders
aquatic
Phylum Mollusca
Class Cephalopoda
“head-foot” molluscs
closed circulatory system
ex: octopus, squid, Nautilus
brain; great vision & mvmt
No shell
use ink against predators
Phylum Echinodermata
“spiny skin”
Sea stars; sea urchins; sand dollars; sea fans
Complexity of Form
• Coelomates
– True cavity; Ex:
earthworms & all
higher
– Body sections are
sign of more
complexity in
function
– Appendages (like
arms, legs and
antennae show
complexity too
Compartments allow for
specialization of function
Phylum Annelida
• Ex: earthworm, leech
• Segmented (ringed)
• Typically in soil; some
parasitic or aquatic
• Coelomate – true cavity
• Brain & sensory tissue
• Hermaphrodites
Skeletal – Muscular System
Muscles allow for movement, but must pull on something
rigid
- could pull on…
- water filled tubes
- shells
• Exoskeletons
- like on arthropods
• Endoskeletons
- like bones
Phylum Arthropoda
“jointed feet”
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Jointed appendages
Body segments
Exoskeleton of chitin
Coelomate
Bilateral symmetry
Class Insecta
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Insecta
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Wings & 6 legs
3 body segments
Compound eyes
Trachea & spiracles for
respiration
• Terrestrial
Most numerous group
of animals and most
endangered – many
specialized adaptations
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Arachnida
Spiders
Scorpions
Mites
Ticks
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Arachnida
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8 legs
No wings or antennae
2 body segments
Compound/simple eyes
Some spin silk/webs
Carnivores/parasites
Terrestrial
Abdomen
Cephalothorax
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Crustacea
Crayfish
Lobsters
Crabs
Shrimp
Roly-polies
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Crustacea
• 10 legs (front usually
modified to catch prey)
• 2 sets antennae
• 2 body segments
• Gills for respiration
• Aquatic; “swimmerets”
(roly-polies = terrestrial)
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Chilopoda
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Ex: centipedes
1 pair legs per segment
1 set antennae
Predators, often poison
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Diplopoda
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Ex: Millipedes
2 pair legs per segment
1 set antennae
Herbivores/detritivores
(eat dead stuff)
Phylum Vertebrata 12-2
• Vascular tissue, Complex, Bones,
• Post Anal Tail, Notochord, Pharyngeal gill slits,
dorsal hollow nerve cord
Animal Reproduction PG 148
• Sexual – exchange gametes
• Asexual – no gamete exchange
• Internal Fertilization – usually smaller #s of
offspring; more parental care
• External Fertilization - usually larger #s of
offspring; less parental care
Embryo Formation PG 148, Draw & Label
• Label on your paper:
A = zygote
E = blastula
G = gastrula
Circulatory System
• Simple diffusion
– Nutrients move in and out
from surrounding water
• Open circulatory system
– Have heart but no blood
vessels, just cavities for
blood
• Closed circulatory system
– Have heart & blood
vessels
Respiratory System
• Some animals move gases by simple diffusion.
• Most have developed special structures to
move gases. These include:
– skin, spiracles, book lungs, gills, lungs
Phylum Echinodermata
• Radial symmetry*
• Water vascular system =
system of tubes for mvmt &
transport
• No brain; has nerve ring
• Regeneration
Complete Metamorphosis
in Insects
Animal Diversity and Systems
Vertebrate Evolution
The “Big 5” of Kingdom Animalia
• Multicellular
• Eukaryotic
• Heterotrophic
• Motile
• No cell walls
Phylum Chordata Traits 148
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Post anal tail
Notochord
Pharyngeal gill slits
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
What taxonomic groups will vertebrates
have?
• Kingdom
– Animalia
• Phylum
– Chordata
• Subphylum
– Vertebrata
• Class…
– we will study 7 classes…
Phylum Chordata
• Subphylum Urochordata
• Ex. Sea squirt (tunicate)
• Subphylum Cephalochordata
• Ex. Lancelet
• Subphylum Vertebrata
• Bilateral sym; coelomate; endoskeleton; closed circ.
Sys.
• Ex. Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals
Phylum Chordata
- chordates share 4 traits:
Most chordates have a backbone – called vertebrates
Integuments – Body Coverings
Adapted for varied habitats and temperature control
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Fish scales
Soft, moist skin
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Scaly dry skin
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Feathers
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Fur/hair
Temperature Regulation
Ectotherms
Endotherms
~ “cold-blooded”
~ “warm-blooded”
~ regulate body heat using
their surroundings
~make own body heat
~ limited habitats
*more efficient because do
not have to make body heat
~ costs more food (energy)
~ can live in really hot/cold
places
Heart Chambers
2 chambers is less efficient than 4
4 chambers allows maximum oxygen to be
carried in the blood
Reproduction
Fertilization can be…
External
Internal
- usually in water
- usually fewer made
- usually very large #s
- usually higher parental care
- usually very low parental care
Class Agnatha
Jawless Fishes
Ex: lampreys & hagfish
Most primitive fish
Class Chondrichthyes
Cartilaginous Fishes
Sharks & Rays
Class Osteichthyes
Bony Fishes
“common” fish!
Types of Respiratory Organs
• Gills – fishes
• Skin – amphibians
• Lungs – most higher
vertebrates
Water  Land
Must develop way to move…way to breathe…and
way to not dry out!
Class Amphibia
Frogs, Newts, Salamanders
Class Amphibia
• Habitat
– Land; but must be near
water for reproduction & to
stay moist
• Integument
– Moist, thin skin
• Skeleton/Appendages
– Bones, 4 limbs, often
webbed
• Temperature Regulation
– ectothermic
• Respiration
– Skin; primitive lungs
• Circulation/Heart
– 3 chamber heart
• Reproduction/Fertilization
– External/internal fertilization;
sexual/parthenogenesis;
oviparous
• Nutrition
– carnivore
Amphibian Reproduction
Amniotic Egg
• Invented by the reptiles
• Allows for fully living on land
• Embryo protected w/I membranes & a shell
• Mammals take this a step further by keeping embryo inside
Amniotic Eggs
- have shell and membranes so
they don’t dry out
Class Reptilia
Turtles, Snakes, Lizards, Alligators,
Crocodiles
Class Reptilia
• Habitat
– Full land (though some are
aquatic)
• Integument
– Dry, scaly skin resists drying
out
• Skeleton/Appendages
– Bones, claws; (snakes none)
• Temperature Regulation
– ectothermic
• Respiration
– lungs
• Circulation/Heart
– 3 chamber heart for most
– 4 chamber heart in crocs
• Reproduction/Fertilization
– Amniotic eggs; leathery
shells
– Internal fertilization; sexual;
all three methods of birth
• Nutrition
– Carnivore/herbivore
Class Aves
Birds!
Birds make changes to enable flight
Hollow bones, Feathers, Beaks
Birds evolved from reptiles
Class Aves
• Habitat
– land
• Integument
– Skin with feathers
• Skeleton/Appendages
– Bones hollow for flight
– Beaks instead of teeth
– Wings & reptile-like claws
• Temperature Regulation
– endothermic
• Respiration
– lungs
• Circulation/Heart
– 4 chamber heart
• Reproduction/Fertilization
– Internal fertilization; harder
shells; sexual; oviparous
• Nutrition
– Herbivore/omnivore
Class Mammalia – Placentals
Monotremes – odd mammals!
Duckbill Platypus
Marsupials have pouches in which
offspring develop
Kangaroo & Opossum
Class Mammalia
• Habitat
– land
• Integument
– Skin with hair or fur
• Skeleton/Appendages
– Bones; 4 limbs; wide
variations in appendages
• Temperature Regulation
– endothermic
• Respiration
– lungs
• Circulation/Heart
– 4 chamber heart
• Reproduction/Fertilization
– Internal fertilization; live
birth: viviparous (except
monotremes)
– Sexual reproduction
• Other
– Mammary glands to nurse
young
– Marsupials = pouch
Mammalian Reproduction
• Meiosis produces gametes with haploid # of
chromosomes
– Haploid = 23 for humans
• Males start producing sperm at puberty
• Females are born with all of their eggs
– At puberty one per month matures
Vertebrate Ontogeny
Class Agnatha
 Habitat
- aquatic
 Integument
- skin
 Skeleton
- cartilage
 Nutrition
- parasite/carnivore
 Respiration
- gills
 Circulation/Heart
- 2 chambered heart
 Reproduction/Fertilization
- external fertilization; sexual
reproduction; oviparous
 Temperature Regulation
- ectothermic
Class Chondrichthyes
• Habitat
– aquatic
• Integument
– Scales/ denticles
• Skeleton/Appendages
- cartilage; fins
• Respiration
– gills
• Circulation/Heart
– 2 chamber heart
• Reproduction/Fertilization
– internal fertilization; sexual;
all 3 birthing methods
• Nutrition
• Other
- carnivore
– Swim bladder to maintain
• Temperature Regulation
position
– Ectothermic
Class Osteichthyes
 Habitat
 aquatic
 Integument
 scales
 Skeleton/Appendages
 bone; fins
 Nutrition
- detrivore, herbivore,
carnivore, omnivore
 Temperature Regulation
 Ectothermic
 Respiration
 gills
 Circulation/Heart
 2 chamber heart
 Reproduction/Fertilization
 Internal & external
fertilization; sexual
reproduction; all 3 birthing
methods
 Other
 Swim bladder to maintain
position
Methods of Birth PG 169
• Oviparous – egg-laying animals
• Ovoviviparous – egg is inside
parent w/ no placental
connection, fed by egg yolk;
hatches inside; live birth
• Viviparous – baby in uterus w/
placental connection; live birth
Body Systems page 149
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Muscular- movement
Skeletal- support, what muscles pull on
Circulatory- transport of substances
Nervous- control center
Immune- fight disease
Respiratory- gas exchange
Endocrine- control hormones
Digestive- break down food
Urinary- remove cellular waste
Reproductive- produce offspring
Integumentary- protection
BIG IDEAS in the BODY PG 150 (12-3)
• Diffusion:
– Having thinner membranes allow for easier transportation
– High surface area has more diffusion, and more space
“The Rule”: “Stuff” moves from areas of HIGH
concentration to areas of LOW concentration
EXP: Food molecules move from intestines to blood to
body cells. Cellular waste move from body cells to
blood to kidney cells. Oxygen (O2) moves from lungs to
blood to body cells. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) moves from
body cells to blood to lungs.
BIG IDEAS in the BODY PG 12-3
• Homeostasis:
– Must get all “stuff” within stable range & keep it there
– EXP: Oxygen, Glucose, Temperature, pH
• Feedback mechanisms:
– NEGATIVE FEEDBACK- is much more common way to
reach homeostasis
• EX: Body temperature, Osmoregulation, pH, Glucose levels
– POSITIVE FEEDBACK- is more uncommon because it
pushes even more toward stimulus
• EX: Child birth, Blood clotting
Alveoli in lungs
Stomach Villi
Homeostasis
Organ systems in animals work together to
do certain things: 12-4
• Digestive – Breaks down food (mechanically &
chemically) you eat into molecules that can be
used as energy for your body cells
– Villi contain absorptive cells, these cells absorb glucose
& makes it available for transport into cells
– Mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, pancreas, small and
large intestines
Organ systems in animals work
together to do certain things 12-4
• Respiratory – Carries O2 INTO & CO2 OUT of
the lungs; also responsible for
humidifying/warming/filtering the air you
breathe
– Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi,
bronchioles, alveoli, diaphragm
– Alveoli are sacs located in the lungs
– They are the center for gas exchange
– Gas diffuses through the thin membrane passing
O2 into the blood & taking CO2 out of the blood
Organ systems in animals work together to
do certain things: 12-5 page 151
• Endocrine – Maintains homeostasis; regulates
metabolism, water and mineral balance, growth
and sexual development, and reproduction.
Controls body through the release of hormones by
a gland.
– Glands ex: adrenal – metabolism, stress; thyroid –
growth/develop; pancreas (lowers blood glucose lvls) –
insulin; hypothalamus – controls pituitary; testes –
testosterone; ovary – estrogen
Organ systems in animals work together to
do certain things: 12-5
• Integumentary – Protects against pathogens;
helps regulate body temperature, keratin
formed from epidermis waterproofs skin,
forms hair and nails; body covering
– Skin; epidermis, keratin; dermis, sebaceous glands
(oil) and sweat glands (hair, skin, nails)
Organ systems in animals work together to
do certain things: 12-6
• Immune – Provides protection against infection and
disease (foreign invaders)
– Lymph nodes and vessels, white blood cells
(lymphocytes)
– Two types: Acquired (specific) & Innate (nonspecific)
– Acquired- white blood cells target specific antigens, WBC
maintain memory of specific antigens, system recognizes
the antigen next time you are infected & it is able to
destroy the antigen before it makes it sick
– Innate- Built in defense, faster actum, nonspecific
• Skin, mucus, saliva, tears
Organ systems in animals work
together to do certain things: 12-6
• Circulatory – Transports nutrients, and wastes to
and from all body tissues. Pulmonary circulation –
right side of heart; systemic circulation – left side of
heart; rbc – hemoglobin/O2; wbc – immune
response; platelets – clotting.
– Heart; right atrium/ventricle, left atrium/ventricle; blood
vessels – veins, arteries, capillaries; blood – red blood
cells, white blood cells, platelets.
• Components: blood, heart, blood vessels (veins,
arteries, capillaries)
The circulatory system connects everything
together!
Organ systems in animals work together to
do certain things: PG 150
• Muscular – Provides structure; supports and moves trunk and
limbs; moves substances through body;
– skeletal – conscious movement; cardiac – heart; smooth – unconscious
movement like digestive tract; movement
– Muscles (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth)
• Nervous – Cerebrum controls intelligence/creativity; cerebral
cortex controls and coordinates body movements and senses; medula
oblongata helps monitor and maintain other body systems
(homeostasis); somatic n. system controls voluntary system;
autonomic n. system controls activities that are not under conscious
control
– Brain; cerebrum, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, medulla oblongata; spinal cord,
nerves; cell body, dentrites, axon; sensory neurons, motor neurons, synapse,
sense organs, receptors; five senses.
Organ systems in animals work together to
do certain things: PG 151
• Excretory – Eliminates waste; maintains water and chemical
balance; ammonia converted to urea
– Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, skin, lungs
• Reproductive – Produces ova and milk in females, sperm in
males, and offspring after fertilization
– Ovaries, uterus, mammary glands (in females), testes (in males)
• Skeletal – Provides structure; supports and protects internal
organs; axial includes skull, vertebral column and rib cage;
appendicular includes limbs; support; what muscles pull on
– 206 bones; osteocytes, axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, joints; fixed,
moveable; ligaments, tendons
Quiz #1
1. List 3 traits that vertebrates/chordates have that
distinguish them from invertebrates.
2. What is the advantage of being ectothermic?
3. What is the disadvantage of being ectothermic?
4. Why was the amniotic egg such a big deal in
terms of evolution of animals?
Quiz #1
5. Which vertebrate group was the first to develop
the amniotic egg?
6. Excluding “general animal/vertebrate traits”,
what is ONE similarity between:
– A. Osteichthyes and Amphibia
– B. Amphibia and Reptilia
7. Although amphibians were the first land animals,
they are still tied to the water. Describe TWO
reasons why they are still tied to the water.
Quiz #1
Which is the…
• 8. heart?
• 9. liver?
• 10. lung?
• 11. stomach?
• 12. intestines?
4 heart chambers > 3 > 2
Oxygenated & Non-oxygenated blood kept
completely separate in 4 chamber heart…
they mix in others (not as efficient!)