Download Chapter 1 Cell Biology

Anatomy & Physiology
Cell Biology
Cell Makeup
Objective = Explain the molecular makeup of
cells.
All cells and their structures are composed of
molecules.
Lipids
AKA fats
combination of
hydrogen, carbon,
and oxygen
stored in cells as high
energy source
Phospholipids
fatty acids plus
phosphate
Carbohydrates
supply energy and
provide structure
monosaccharides simple carb.
poly saccharides complex carb.
Proteins
cell structure and
function
large molecules of
many amino acids
Nucleic Acids
provide plans for
protein structure
Ribonucleic Acid
(RNA)
Deoxyribonucleic
Acid (DNA)
Cell Structures
Identify the basic structures of the cell and their
corresponding functions.
organelles
specialized structures within cells
plasma membrane
aka-cell membrane
common to all cells
boundary that keeps
inside of cells
contained
phospholipid bilayer
semipermeable
cytoplasm
organelles and
cellular fluid
nucleus
controls cellular
activities
contains genetic
material (chromatin)
Red Blood Cells
no nucleus!
chromatin
makes up
chromosomes
genetic map
ribosomes
small granular
structures in
cytoplasm
manufacture protein
endoplasmic reticulum
(er)
folded membrane
“packages” the
proteins made by
ribosomes for further
modification &
transport
RER
ROUGH endoplasmic
reticulum
contains ribosomes
moves proteins to
Golgi apparatus
SER
SMOOTH
endoplasmic
reticulum
contains no
ribosomes
produces glycogen
Golgi apparatus
large amounts of
folded membrane
final protein
modification &
shipping
produces
polysaccharides and
lysosomes
lysosomes
digest food taken in
by cell
destroys cell
structures not needed
destroys dead cells
mitochondria
powerhouse of cell
smooth outer
membrane, folded
inner (cristae)
convert food into
energy
cell structure
Cell Functions
How do cells interact with their environment?
Cells constantly react
with their environment!
Metabolism is all of
the reactions
conducted in cells.
2 different types....
Anabolism
reactions in which
smaller molecules are
combined into larger
ones
Ex: amino acids ->
proteins
Catabolism
large molecules are
broken down into
smaller ones
Ex: glycogen
Extracellular Fluid ECF
liquid that surrounds
living cells
derived from blood
ECF Components
water
gases
inorganic ions
organic compounds
hormones
waste
Homeostasis
ECF products must
be maintained at
constant normal
concentrations
allows for normality
despite external
conditions
Mechanisms of Cellular
Exchange
waste products must
be eliminated
otherwise will
become toxic
Diffusion
movement of
molecules from
higher to lower
concentrations
Ex: stain
Osmosis
solvent moves across
membrane to
equalize
concentration
Active Transport
energy is used to
pump molecules to a
region of higher
concentration
Endocytosis
large particles are
engulfed by the cell
membrane
Exocytosis
process in which a
membrane bound sac
joins with cell
membrane and
releases into ECF
Mitosis
cellular division: 2 identical daughter cells
produced
Chromatin-genetic material in non-dividing cells
Chromosomes-organized structure of DNA and
protein
Chromatid-one of the identical strands in a
chromosome
Centromere-center of a chromosome where 2
sister chromatids come in contact
Centriole-cellular organelles involved in division
spindle-collection of microtubules that stretch
between the centrioles
Chromosome
INTERPHASE
Non-dividing cell that
is preparing for
division.
chromatin loosely
arranged
cell doubling DNA
PROPHASE
Chromatin thickens
and nucleoli &
nuclear membrane
disappear.
Chromosomes have
an X shape.
Centrioles separate
and move to opposite
ends of the cell.
METAPHASE
Spindle forms
between 2 centrioles.
Chromosomes move
to the center and
align themselves on
the spindle.
ANAPHASE
Chromosomes split at
centromere.
Chromosome halves
move towards the
opposite ends of the
cell.
TELOPHASE
Nuclear membrane
and nucleoli return.
Groove forms in
center of cell
Cell divides into 2
identical daughter
cells. (cytokinesis)
Mitosis
In an onion!
Meiosis
resulting cells contain 1/2 of the genetic
material
Mammals rely on sexual reproduction for species
survival
sperm and egg cell join to form new embryo
Differences from Mitosis
homologues - chromosomes come in pairs and
each member of a pair is called a homologue 2
cell divisions
2 cell divisions
only 1 doubling of chromatin
final result is 4 cells
each of the 4 cells has 1/2 the # of chromosomes
Prophase I
homologues pair up
near center of cell
and join at several
points
at these points, DNA
exchange takes place
Metaphase I
nuclear membrane &
nucleoli disappear
paired chromosomes
move into alignment
on spindle
homologues align
where they will be
divided into opposite
cells
Anaphase I
chromosomes move
to opposite ends of
the cell
Telophase I
centromere does NOT
split
pairs of chromosomes
are divided
Interphase
variable and may not
occur
Second Phase
=
Prophase II
chromatin thickens
nucleoli & nuclear
membrane disappear
centriole separate
and move to opposite
ends
Metaphase II
spindle forms
between centrioles
chromosomes align
Anaphase II
chromosomes split at
centromere
chromosome halves
move to opposite cell
ends
Telophase II
nucleus reforms and
divides
4 resulting cells
each has half the number of chromosomes of
the original!
Meiosis
allows genetic
material to be
provided from each
parent
Variability
the exchange of
material between
homologues in
Prophase I produces
variability
Offspring
acquire traits from
both parents
no two sperm or egg
cells will provide the
same genetic material