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Human Anatomy and Physiology I Chapter 1 Definitions - Terminology Organization of the Body Homeostasis Instructor: Mary Holman Anatomy The study of the form and structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts Physiology The study of the function of the living organism and its parts Anatomical Drawing by Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Andreas Vesalius 1543 De Humani Corporis Fabrica Fig 1.1 Andreas Vesalius 1543 De Humani Corporis Fabrica Fig. 1.3 Levels of Organization Subatomic particles Atom Organ system Molecule Macromolecule Organ Organelle Organism Cell Tissue Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Levels of Organization • Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons • Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc. • Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc. • Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc. • Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc. • Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc. • Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve • Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. • Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc. • Organism – the human The Eleven Organ Systems of the Human Body A&P I A&P II • Integumentary • Muscular • Skeletal • Nervous • Endocrine • Cardiovascular • Lymphatic • Respiratory • Digestive • Urinary • Reproductive Covering/Protection System Integumentary System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Support/Movement Systems Skeletal System Muscular System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Integration/Co-ordination Systems Nervous System Endocrine System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Transport Systems Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Absorption/Excretion Systems Digestive System Respiratory System Urinary System Reproduction System Male Reproductive System Female Reproductive System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. A&P I Fig. 1.19 Integumentary system Reproductive system Skeletal system Urinary system Muscular system Respiratory system Digestive system Nervous system Lymphatic system Endocrine system Cardiovascular system Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 1.9 Body Cavities Cranial cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Vertebral canal Thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity Right pleural Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Mediastinum Left pleural cavity cavity Pericardial cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Lateral View Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity Anterior View Fig. 1.25a Cephalic (head) Otic (ear) Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Cervical (neck) Acromial (point of shoulder) Axillary (armpit) Mammary (breast) Frontal (forehead) Fig. 1.25a Orbital (eye cavity) Buccal (cheek) Mental (chin) Sternal Pectoral (chest) Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Abdominal (abdomen) Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Umbilical (navel) Inguinal (groin) Coxal (hip) Palmar (palm) Body Regions Ventral Side Digital (finger) Genital (reproductive organs) Patellar (front of knee) Crural (leg) Tarsal (instep) Digital (toe) Pedal (foot) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Body Regions Dorsal Side Fig. 1.25b Occipital (back of head) Acromial (point of shoulder) Vertebral (spinal column) Brachial (arm) Dorsum (back) Cubital (elbow) Lumbar (lower back) Sacral (between hips) Gluteal (buttocks) Perineal Femoral (thigh) Popliteal (back of knee) Sural (calf) Crural (leg) Plantar (sole) Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Abdominal Quadrants RUQ LUQ RLQ LLQ 1 4 7 1. 4. 7. Right hyperchondriac Right lumbar Right iliac 2 3 5 6 8 9 2. Epigastric 3. Left hyperchondriac 5. Umbilical 6. Left lumbar 8. Hypogastric 9.Left iliac Midline Fig. 1.20a Fig. 1.20a Right Proximal Left Superior Medial Lateral Distal Proximal Distal Inferior Characteristics of Life Organization Metabolism Responsiveness Growth Development Reproduction Requirements of Life Water Food Oxygen Heat Pressure Homeostasis The state of equilibrium in which the internal environment of the body remains in the normal range Homeostasis Maintenance of a stable internal environment • Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and correct as needed. Variations are brought to within acceptable limits. There are three (3) parts: • Receptor - provides information about the stimuli • Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point) • Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Control center (set point) Receptors Stimulus (Change that occurs in internal environment.) (Change is compared to the set point.) Effectors (muscles or glands) Response (Change is corrected.) Homeostatic Control Mechanisms • There are two (2) types: • Negative feedback mechanisms • Positive feedback mechanisms Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Negative feedback summary: • Most common type of feedback loop. Reduces the actions of the effectors • Corrects toward the set point • Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’ • Limits chaos in the body by creating stability • Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body • Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Fig. 1.8 Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Stimulus Body temperature rises above normal. Effectors Skin blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete. Response Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal. too high Normal body temperature 37°C (98.6°F) too low Stimulus Body temperature drops below normal. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Response Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal. Effectors Skin blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive. Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Effectors Muscle activity generates body heat. If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract Involuntarily. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lab Exercises 1&2 Metrics Body Organization Terminology Metric System of Measurement meter m gram g liter L 10-2 10-3 10-6 10-9 1.000000000000 c e n t i c m i l l i m m i c r o n a n o n u Units of Length Comparison Metric to English •1 meter (m) is slightly longer than 1 yard •1 centimeter (cm) is 0.39 inches about the width of a small finger •1 millimeter (mm) 1/10 of a cm about the thickness of a dime These Metric Terms are Interchangeable cc and = mL 1 milliliter 1 cubic centimeter = 1 gram H20 Relative Anatomical Position Medial - Lateral Proximal - Distal Superior - Inferior Anterior - Posterior Ventral - Dorsal Superficial - Deep Fig. 1.20b Fig. 1.20b Anterior Posterior (Ventral) (Dorsal) Midline Fig. 1.20a Fig. 1.20a Right Proximal Left Superior Medial Lateral Distal Proximal Distal Inferior Types of Body Sections (a) Sagittal or Longitudinal (b) Transverse or Cross Section Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (c) Frontal or Coronal Other Body Sections (a) Cross section (b) Oblique (c) Longitudinal section Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 1.11 Serous Membranes - Visceral vs Parietal Vertebra Spinal cord Plane of section Mediastinum Azygos v. Aorta Left lung Esophagus Right lung Rib Right atrium of heart Left ventricle of heart Right ventricle of heart Visceral pleura Visceral pericardium Pleural cavity Parietal pleura Sternum Anterior Pericardial cavity Parietal pericardium Fibrous pericardium Reference Plate Nine Page 39 Scalp Plate 1.9 Cerebrum Corpus callosum Frontal bone Frontal sinus Thalamus Hypothalamus Lateral ventricle Sphenoidal sinus Brainstem Inferior nasal concha Cerebellum Maxilla Oral cavity Tongue Mandible Cervical vertebra Esophagus Larynx Trachea Sternum © McGraw-HillCopyright Higher Education, Inc./Karl Rubin © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Reference Plate 14 - pg. 42 Sphenoidal sinus Lateral rectus m. Gray matter Medial rectus m. White matter Occipital lobe Ethmoidal sinus Lateral ventricle Nasal septum Skull Eye Subcutaneous tissue Scalp Optic nerve Temporalis m. Temporal lobe Third ventricle © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Karl Rubin Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.