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Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 1 1.1: Introduction • Questions and observations that have led to knowledge. • Knowledge about structure and function of the human body. 2 1.2: Anatomy & Physiology • Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body • Physiology – the study of the function of the human body “The complementarity of structure and function.” 3 1.3: Levels of Organization • Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons • Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc. • Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc. • Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc. • Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc. • Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc. • Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve • Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc. • Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc. • Organism – the human 4 Levels of Organization Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Subatomic particles Atom Organ system Molecule Macromolecule Organ Organelle Organism Cell Tissue Organ Systems Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Integumentary system Skeletal system Muscular system 6 Organ Systems Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nervous system 7 Endocrine system Organ Systems Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cardiovascular system 8 Lymphatic system Organ Systems Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 9 Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system Organ Systems Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 10 Male reproductive system Female reproductive system 1.1 Clinical Application • Ultrasound (US) • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 11 1.4: Characteristics of Life (10) • Movement – change in position; motion • Responsiveness – reaction to a change • Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape • Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells • Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods 12 Characteristics of Life Continued • Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms • Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids • Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids • Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms • Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions 13 1.5: Maintenance of Life • Life depends on five (5) environmental factors: • Water • Food • Oxygen • Heat • Pressure 14 Requirements of Organisms • Water - most abundant substance in body - required for metabolic processes - required for transport of substances - regulates body temperature • Food - provides necessary nutrients - supplies energy - supplies raw materials 15 Requirements of Organisms • Oxygen (gas) - one-fifth of air - used to release energy from nutrients • Heat - form of energy - partly controls rate of metabolic reactions • Pressure - application of force on an object - atmospheric pressure – important for breathing - hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing 16 Homeostasis* * Maintaining of a stable internal environment • Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts: • Receptor - provides information about the stimuli • Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point) • Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment 17 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center (set point) Receptors Stimulus (Change occurs in internal environment.) (Change is compared to the set point.) Effectors (muscles or glands) Response 18 (Change is corrected.) Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Stimulus Body temperature rises above normal. Effectors Skin blood vessels dilate and sweat glands secrete. Response Body heat is lost to surroundings, temperature drops toward normal. too high Normal body temperature 37°C (98.6°F) too low Stimulus Body temperature drops below normal. Receptors Thermoreceptors send signals to the control center. Response Body heat is conserved, temperature rises toward normal. Effectors Skin blood vessels constrict and sweat glands remain inactive. Control center The hypothalamus detects the deviation from the set point and signals effector organs. Effectors Muscle activity generates body heat. If body temperature continues to drop, control center signals muscles to contract Involuntarily. 19 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms • There are two (2) types: • Negative feedback mechanisms • Positive feedback mechanisms 20 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Negative feedback summary: • Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body • Corrects the set point • Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, i.e. the ‘negative’ • Most common type of feedback loop • Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation 21 Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Positive feedback summary: • Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body • short-lived • do not require continuous adjustments • Examples: blood clotting and child birth 22 1.6: Organization of the Human Body Cranial cavity Cranial cavity Vertebral canal Vertebral canal Thoracic cavity Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Right pleural cavity Pericardial cavity Mediastinum Left pleural cavity Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Abdominopelvic cavity Pelvic cavity Pelvic cavity (a) (b) 23 Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes • Visceral layer – covers an organ • Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall Thoracic Membranes • Visceral pleura • Parietal pleura • Visceral pericardium • Parietal pericardium Abdominopelvic Membranes • Parietal peritoneum • Visceral peritoneum • Parietal perineum • Visceral perineum 24 Serous Membranes Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 25 1.7: Lifespan Changes Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the whole-body level. Can you think of some examples? 26 1.8: Anatomical Terminology Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out Integumentary system 27 Anatomical Terminology: Orientation and Directional Terms • Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position): • Superior versus Inferior (Cranial vs. Caudal) • Anterior versus Posterior (Ventral vs. Dorsal) • Medial versus Lateral • Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral • Proximal versus Distal • Superficial versus Deep • Internal versus External 28 Body Sections or Planes • Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions • Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions • Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions • Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions 29 Body Sections Median (midsagittal) plane Parasagittal plane Transverse (horizontal) plane A section along the median plane A section along a transverse plane A section along a frontal plane Frontal (coronal) plane 30 Body Sections (a) (b) (c) 31 Other Body Sections L o n g i t u d i n a l Cross-section s e c t i o n (a) (b) (c) 32 Abdominal Subdivisions Right hypochondriac region Epigastric region Right lumbar region Umbilical region Right iliac region Left hypochondriac region Left lumbar region Hypogastric Left iliac region region Right upper Left upper quadrant quadrant (RUQ) (LUQ) Right lower Left lower quadrant quadrant (RLQ) (LLQ) 33 Body Regions Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cephalic (head) Frontal (forehead) Otic (ear) Nasal (nose) Oral (mouth) Cervical (neck) Acromial (point of shoulder) Axillary (armpit) Orbital (eye cavity) Buccal (cheek) Sternal Acromial (point of shoulder) Pectoral (chest) Vertebral (spinal column) Mammary (breast) Brachial (arm) Brachial (arm) Antecubital (front of elbow) Abdominal (abdomen) Antebrachial (forearm) Carpal (wrist) Occipital (back of head) Mental (chin) Dorsum (back) Umbilical (navel) Cubital (elbow) Inguinal (groin) Lumbar (lower back) Coxal (hip) Gluteal (buttocks) Sacral (between hips) Perineal Palmar (palm) Digital (finger) Femoral (thigh) Genital (reproductive organs) Popliteal (back of knee) Patellar (front of knee) Sural (calf) Crural (leg) Tarsal (instep) Pedal (foot) (a) Digital (toe) Plantar (sole) (b) 34