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Name ____________________________________________________________ Period _____ The Appendicular Skeleton The Appendicular Skeleton • ______ bones o Limbs (________________________) o _____________________________ (____________________ to the axial skeleton) o _____________________________ (____________________ to the axial skeleton) The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle • • Composed of two bones o _____________________ – collarbone o _____________________ – shoulder blade These bones are very light and allow the upper limb to have exceptionally ______________ ______________________ because: 1. Each pectoral girdle attaches to axial skeleton at only _________________ = ______________________________________ 2. The loose attachment of the scapula allows it to _____________ back & forth against the thorax 3. The _______________________________ is shallow & the shoulder joint is ________________________________________ by __________________ • Consists of 2 bones: 1. Clavicle (collar bone) = slender, double curved bone o ___________________________________________________________ & to the ______________________________________ o ____________________________ to hold the arm away from the thorax & ____________________________________________________________ 2. Scapula (shoulder blade) = triangular & flare when we move our arms posteriorly (“____________”) o __________________________________________________; held ______ _________________________________________________ o Flattened body w/ 2 processes: ________________________ = enlarged end of the spine of the scapula Connects w/ the clavicle @ the acromioclavicular joint ____________________________ = beaklike Points over the shoulder & anchors some of the arm muscles o ______________________________ serves as a _____________________ o Scapula has 3 borders & 3 angles: _____________ _____________ (vertebral) _____________ (axillary) _____________ _____________ _____________ borders Angles Bones of the Upper Limb (______) • The arm is formed by a single bone • ________________________ o Rounded proximal end _________________________________________________ o Opposite of the head – 2 bony processes = ________________________________ _______________________ sites of muscle attachment o Midpoint of shaft – ____________________________ where the deltoid m. attaches o Radial groove runs obliquely down the posterior shaft o Distal end – ________________________________ (looks like a spool) & lateral ___________________________________ – both articulate w/ bones of forearm o Above the trochlea anteriorly is a _________________ – _____________________ o On posterior surface is the _________________________________ o Both are flanked by __________________________________________________ • Forearm – consists of the radius & ulna o _______________________________ when the arm is in the anatomical position (on the thumb side) & the ________________________________ o When the hand is rotated, the ___________________ of the _______________ ____________________ & ends up medial to the ______________ o Radius & ulna _______________________ small ________________________ o They are connected along their entire length by a flexible ___________________ membrane o Both have a ___________________________ @ their ___________________ o Disc-shaped radial head forms a joint w/ the capitulum of the humerus. o Below the head is the _________________ where tendon of biceps m. attaches. o On the ulna’s proximal end are the _____________________________ process & the _____________________________ process, which are separated by the ___________________________ • These 2 processes grip the trochlea of the humerus in a pliers-like joint. Hand consists of carpals, metacarpals & phalanges o ______________________ arranged in 2 irregular rows of 4 bones each form the part of the hand called the carpus (wrist) Bound together by __________________ that restrict movements between them. o _______________________ form the ____________ Numbered ____________ from the ______________________________ Clenched fist – ____________ of the metacarpals = _________________ o _______________ (___) are the finger bones (__________________________ &________________________) Carpals starting ________________________ (pinky to thumb - both rows): Joe took a _______________ and hit poor Pete in the __________________, breaking it into a ___________________ and ______________ He did it b/c he was ___________________(d) ___________________ times. The Judge said he was __________________ and sent him to the ________________________ The Bony Pelvis vs. the Pelvic Girdle • Bony Pelvis o • Composed of: _____________________ _____________________ ___________________________ (coxae) or ossa coxae (Hip bones) Pelvic Girdle o Coxae are composed of _________________________________________ __________________________ ___________________________ ___________________________ The Pelvic Girdle: Right Coxal Bone • ____________ are large, heavy & __________________________ to the axial skeleton. • _______________ that __________________________ are _____________________ _____________________________________________. • Function = _______________________; total wt. of upper body rests on pelvis. • _________________________ organs, _______________ & _____________________ ___________________lie within & __________________________ by pelvis. • Each coxa is formed by the fusion of _________________________: 1. Ilium (Large flaring bone - forms most of the coxa) Connects ___________________________________________ joint. ____________ - winglike portions of the ilia. _______________________ – upper edge of alae that ends anteriorly in the anterior superior iliac spine & posteriorly in the posterior superior iliac spine w/ small inferior spines located below these. 2. Ischium (“______________________________”) __________________________________________. __________________________________, a roughened area, _____________________________________ when sitting. ______________________, superior to the tuberosity, ___________ _______________________________________________________ ____________________________ allows _________________ & the large _____________ to pass from the pelvis posteriorly into the thigh 3. Pubis or pubic bone _________________________________ of the coxa. ______________________ of the pubis ______________ & the __________________________ forms a bar of bone enclosing the _________________________________, an opening through which blood vessels & nerves pass into the anterior part of the thigh. Pubic bones fuse anteriorly to form a __________________________ called the ____________________________. • The ilium, ischium, & pubis fuse @ the deep socket called the _____________________ (“vinegar cup”); it _____________________________________________________ The Bony Pelvis Male pelvis • Female pelvis Bony pelvis is divided into 2 regions: o __________________________, superior to the true pelvis, is the area medial to the flaring portions of the ilia. o __________________________ lies inferior to the flaring parts of the ilia & the pelvic brim. o Dimensions of the true pelvis are _____________________________________ – must be large enough for the head to pass. Outlet is the inferior opening of the pelvis. Inlet is the superior opening. Differing characteristics between the male & female pelvis • Female inlet is _______________________________________________ • Female pelvis as a whole is _______________ & the bones are ___________________ • Female ilia _____________________________________ • Female ________________________________________________________________ • Female ischial spines are _____________________________; thus the outlet is ______ • Female pubic arch is more rounded because the _______________________________ Bones of the Lower Limbs • Carry our total body weight _________________________ = thicker & stronger. • The thigh has one bone – ______________ (thigh bone) • Femur (thigh bone) o Heaviest, _________________________________________________ o Proximal end has ball-like ____________, ____________ and ______________ ______________________________. Trochanters are separated anteriorly by intertrochanteric _________ and posteriorly by intertrochanteric ____________ o Trochanters, inter.-crest & gluteal tuberosity are sites for ___________________ o _______________________ as it runs downward to bring knees in line w/ __________ _______________________. (more noticeable in females b/c of wider pelvis) o Distally are the ____________ _______________________ – ________________________. (condyles separated by condylar fossa) o Anteriorly on distal end is the patellar surface – forms a ________________________ (kneecap) • Lower leg has 2 bones – Tibia & Fibula o • Connected by _____________________ Tibia (shinbone) o _________________________________ o At proximal end – medial & lateral ____________________ (separated by intercondylar eminence) ______________ _________________________________ ______________________________ o _______________________________ attaches to tibial ______________(anter.) o Distally, a process called _____________ ______________ forms ______________ ___________________________ o Anterior surface has sharp ridge – ______ _________________ (unprotected by muscle – so you can feel this) • • Fibula o __________________________________ o Distally - ________________________________________________________. Foot – composed of _________________, ___________________________________ o Two important functions: _________ _____________________________ allowing us to propel body forward when walking,etc. o ______ tarsals Weight carried by the 2 largest tarsals: ________________ (heelbone) & _____________ (lies b/n tibia & calcaneus) o _______ metatarsals form the sole o _______ phalanges form the toes (each toe has 3, except the big toe) o Bones are arranged to form 3 strong arches: ____ longitudinal (medial & lateral), ____ transverse ____________________________________________________ _________________ of the foot muscles help to _____________ ____________________________ but ____________________ _____________________ – weak arches are referred to as “fallen arches” or “flat feet”