Download The Appendicular Skeleton o

Name ____________________________________________________________ Period _____
The Appendicular Skeleton
The Appendicular Skeleton
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______ bones
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Limbs (________________________)
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_____________________________ (____________________ to the axial skeleton)
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_____________________________ (____________________ to the axial skeleton)
The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
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Composed of two bones
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_____________________ – collarbone
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_____________________ – shoulder blade
These bones are very light and allow the upper limb to have exceptionally ______________
______________________ because:
1. Each pectoral girdle attaches to axial skeleton at only _________________ =
______________________________________
2. The loose attachment of the scapula allows it to _____________ back & forth
against the thorax
3. The _______________________________ is shallow & the shoulder joint is
________________________________________ by __________________
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Consists of 2 bones:
1. Clavicle (collar bone) = slender, double curved bone
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___________________________________________________________ &
to the ______________________________________
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____________________________ to hold the arm away from the thorax &
____________________________________________________________
2. Scapula (shoulder blade) = triangular & flare when we move our arms posteriorly
(“____________”)
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__________________________________________________; held ______
_________________________________________________
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Flattened body w/ 2 processes:
________________________ = enlarged end of the spine of the scapula
Connects w/ the clavicle @ the acromioclavicular joint
____________________________ = beaklike
Points over the shoulder & anchors some of the arm muscles
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______________________________ serves as a _____________________
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Scapula has 3 borders & 3 angles:
_____________
_____________ (vertebral)
_____________ (axillary)
_____________
_____________
_____________
borders
Angles
Bones of the Upper Limb (______)
• The arm is formed by a single bone
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________________________
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Rounded proximal end _________________________________________________
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Opposite of the head – 2 bony processes = ________________________________
_______________________ sites of muscle attachment
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Midpoint of shaft – ____________________________ where the deltoid m. attaches
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Radial groove runs obliquely down the posterior shaft
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Distal end – ________________________________ (looks like a spool) & lateral
___________________________________ – both articulate w/ bones of forearm
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Above the trochlea anteriorly is a _________________ – _____________________
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On posterior surface is the _________________________________
o Both are flanked by __________________________________________________
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Forearm – consists of the radius & ulna
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_______________________________ when the arm is in the anatomical
position (on the thumb side) & the ________________________________
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When the hand is rotated, the ___________________ of the _______________
____________________ & ends up medial to the ______________
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Radius & ulna _______________________ small ________________________
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They are connected along their entire length by a flexible ___________________
membrane
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Both have a ___________________________ @ their ___________________
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Disc-shaped radial head forms a joint w/ the capitulum of the humerus.
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Below the head is the _________________ where tendon of biceps m. attaches.
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On the ulna’s proximal end are the _____________________________ process
& the _____________________________ process, which are separated by the
___________________________
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These 2 processes grip the trochlea of the humerus in a pliers-like joint.
Hand consists of carpals, metacarpals & phalanges
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______________________ arranged in 2 irregular rows of 4 bones each form
the part of the hand called the carpus (wrist)
Bound together by __________________ that restrict movements
between them.
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_______________________ form the ____________
Numbered ____________ from the ______________________________
Clenched fist – ____________ of the metacarpals = _________________
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_______________ (___) are the finger bones (__________________________
&________________________)
Carpals starting ________________________
(pinky to thumb - both rows):
Joe took a _______________ and hit poor Pete
in the __________________, breaking it into a
___________________ and ______________
He did it b/c he was ___________________(d)
___________________ times. The Judge said
he was __________________ and sent him to
the ________________________
The Bony Pelvis vs. the Pelvic Girdle
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Bony Pelvis
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Composed of:
_____________________
_____________________
___________________________ (coxae) or ossa coxae (Hip bones)
Pelvic Girdle
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Coxae are composed of _________________________________________
__________________________
___________________________
___________________________
The Pelvic Girdle: Right Coxal Bone
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____________ are large, heavy & __________________________ to the axial skeleton.
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_______________ that __________________________ are _____________________
_____________________________________________.
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Function = _______________________; total wt. of upper body rests on pelvis.
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_________________________ organs, _______________ & _____________________
___________________lie within & __________________________ by pelvis.
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Each coxa is formed by the fusion of _________________________:
1. Ilium (Large flaring bone - forms most of the coxa)
Connects ___________________________________________ joint.
____________ - winglike portions of the ilia.
_______________________ – upper edge of alae that ends anteriorly
in the anterior superior iliac spine & posteriorly in the posterior
superior iliac spine w/ small inferior spines located below these.
2. Ischium (“______________________________”)
__________________________________________.
__________________________________, a roughened area,
_____________________________________ when sitting.
______________________, superior to the tuberosity, ___________
_______________________________________________________
____________________________ allows _________________ & the
large _____________ to pass from the pelvis posteriorly into the thigh
3. Pubis or pubic bone
_________________________________ of the coxa.
______________________ of the pubis ______________ & the
__________________________ forms a bar of bone enclosing the
_________________________________, an opening through which
blood vessels & nerves pass into the anterior part of the thigh.
Pubic bones fuse anteriorly to form a __________________________
called the ____________________________.
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The ilium, ischium, & pubis fuse @ the deep socket called the _____________________
(“vinegar cup”); it _____________________________________________________
The Bony Pelvis
Male pelvis
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Female pelvis
Bony pelvis is divided into 2 regions:
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__________________________, superior to the true pelvis, is the area medial to
the flaring portions of the ilia.
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__________________________ lies inferior to the flaring parts of the ilia & the
pelvic brim.
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Dimensions of the true pelvis are _____________________________________
– must be large enough for the head to pass.
Outlet is the inferior opening of the pelvis.
Inlet is the superior opening.
Differing characteristics between the male & female pelvis
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Female inlet is _______________________________________________
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Female pelvis as a whole is _______________ & the bones are ___________________
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Female ilia _____________________________________
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Female ________________________________________________________________
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Female ischial spines are _____________________________; thus the outlet is ______
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Female pubic arch is more rounded because the _______________________________
Bones of the Lower Limbs
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Carry our total body weight _________________________ = thicker & stronger.
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The thigh has one bone – ______________ (thigh bone)
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Femur (thigh bone)
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Heaviest, _________________________________________________
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Proximal end has ball-like ____________, ____________ and ______________
______________________________. Trochanters are separated anteriorly by
intertrochanteric _________ and posteriorly by intertrochanteric ____________
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Trochanters, inter.-crest & gluteal tuberosity are sites for ___________________
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_______________________
as it runs downward to bring
knees in line w/ __________
_______________________.
(more noticeable in females
b/c of wider pelvis)
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Distally are the ____________
_______________________ –
________________________.
(condyles separated by
condylar fossa)
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Anteriorly on distal end is the
patellar surface – forms a
________________________
(kneecap)
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Lower leg has 2 bones – Tibia & Fibula
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Connected by _____________________
Tibia (shinbone)
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_________________________________
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At proximal end – medial & lateral
____________________ (separated by
intercondylar eminence) ______________
_________________________________
______________________________
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_______________________________
attaches to tibial ______________(anter.)
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Distally, a process called _____________
______________ forms ______________
___________________________
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Anterior surface has sharp ridge – ______
_________________ (unprotected by
muscle – so you can feel this)
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Fibula
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__________________________________
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Distally - ________________________________________________________.
Foot – composed of _________________,
___________________________________
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Two important functions: _________
_____________________________
allowing us to propel body forward
when walking,etc.
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______ tarsals
Weight carried by the 2
largest tarsals:
________________
(heelbone) &
_____________ (lies
b/n tibia & calcaneus)
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_______ metatarsals form the sole
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_______ phalanges form the toes
(each toe has 3, except the big toe)
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Bones are arranged to form 3 strong arches:
____ longitudinal (medial & lateral), ____ transverse
____________________________________________________
_________________ of the foot muscles help to _____________
____________________________ but ____________________
_____________________ – weak arches are referred to as “fallen
arches” or “flat feet”