Download evolution_2012 - Okemos Public Schools

Its not what you think
How does it relate to evolution?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Mystery box demonstrated that you can build
a working model without “seeing” it.
Were required to accumulate evidence to
come to a conclusion.
Evolution can’t be “seen” like photosynthesis
or mitosis, only see evidence supporting it.
When seeing the same evidence over and
over again it is hard to come to a different
conclusion.
 How
do you think evolution should be
defined? Take a minute and write down
some key words you would expect to see.
 Oxford: evolution:…the gradual process by which the
present diversity of plant and animal life arose from the earliest and
most primitive organisms, which is believed to have been continuing
for the past 3000 million years
 Chambers: evolution:...the doctrine according to which
higher forms of life have gradually arisen out of lower.
 Webster's: evolution:...the development of a species,
organism, or organ from its original or primitive state to its present
or specialized state; phylogeny or ontogeny.
 Share
your definition…
 Why did you like this one? What were the
key words.



Wikipedia: Evolution is any change across
successive generations in the heritable
characteristics of biological populations.
Dictionary.com: change in the gene pool of a
population from generation to generation by
such processes as mutation, natural selection,
and genetic drift.
University of Berkley: a change in allele
frequency's in a population over time by various
selection pressures like mutation, genetic drift,
sexual selection, migration, natural selection.
 Has
meaning to us
 Not in conflict
 Short
 Is vague but is also specific
 Hard to argue against it
 Evolution-
a change in allele frequency in a
population over time…
 Micro
vs Macro
Variation
DNA
Chromosomes
Genes
Cell Cycle
•Law of
Independent
Assortment
•Law of
Segregation
•Crossing Over
•Meiosis
mistakes
Expression of
Genes
•Protein
Synthesis
•Mutations
 There
are some theories which suggest
that early life consisted solely of RNA.
 DNA established because it was more
stable.
 rRNA, tRNA, mRNA are suspected to
remnants of this past RNA World.
 Essentially-
the molecular view is
proving to be very important.
• Evolution is defined as a change in allele frequencies
in a gene pool/population over time.
• Environment helps dictate which alleles will be the
most successful/frequent. Sudden changes will cause
some alleles to disappear and others to flourish.
Earthquakes, volcanoes, tsunamis, meteor, ice age
• Evolution does not take place in an individual but rather
a population (group of organisms).
• Evolution is a fact HOWEVER its mechanism is a
Theory.
 1. Mutations…
• they are not ALWAYS good or bad.
• in general environments do not cause
mutations…exception is UV light.
• However, some mutations are better in some
environments thus could become more frequent
• Lots of ways mutations can happen:
 DNA Replication mistakes
 Meiosis crossing over, inversion, deletion, nondisjunction
 2. Adaptation
• Populations adapt not organisms
• This happens as the proportion of alleles for
favorable traits increases.
 Adaptations
take many forms-
• Mimicry
• Camouflage TED talk
• Better proteins
 Not
all features are adaptations
Mechanism of Evolution-NATURAL
SELECTION
 Allele Frequencies
 Natural Selection
 Adaptations
 Various ways selection can occur
• Directional, disruptive, stabilizing
Natural Selection

Variation. variations may involve body size, hair color, facial

Inheritance. Some traits are consistently passed on from parent

Population growth. Most populations have more offspring
markings, voice properties, or number of offspring. On the other
hand, some traits show little to no variation among individuals—
for example, number of eyes in vertebrates.
to offspring.Whereas other traits are influenced by environment
and not passed on.
each year than local resources can support.
 Differential reproduction. Individuals possessing best
traits well suited for the environment.
 3. Types
of Natural Selection:
 Evidence
 Phylogenetics:
• Uses physical, behavioral, DNA, fossil
information to show relationships amongst
• species.

Today can build phylogenetic trees to
show relationships between organisms
and infer past relationships
Tree
 DNA
 RNA
 How
traits are expressed
 Reason
to believe that similar genetics
means a distant relationship.
 Tools to help study
• phylogenetic trees
• cladgrams
 Illustrate
relationships…does not mean
that one came from another.
 Homologous
Structures
 Populations
become new species when
they no longer breed together.
 Can occur over long periods of time
when populations are separated by
physical barriers.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKtFh
dq-I5A
Mimicry
Camouflage
Phorid Fly- -mix in with
ant larvae Vestigipoda longiseta
Lyre bird
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VjE0
Kdfos4Y
Various mimicry
http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/adaptatio
ns/Mimicry#p007ywsh
TED-Camouflage
http://www.ted.com/talks/david_gallo_s
hows_underwater_astonishments.html
 Link
to Animation
Types of evolution
• Shark and Dolphin
 Dogs








Domain: Eukarya
KINGDOM: Animalia
PHYLUM: Chordata
CLASS: Mammalia
ORDER: Carnivora
FAMILY: Canidae
GENUS SPECIES: Canis familiaris
But various kinds of dogs/subspecies
 University
warfare.
of Berkley Newts biological
Fossils and inference
 Trace/imprint
Fossils: Eggs, tracks, corpolite
 Molds
and Casts: organism has died,
sediment covered it and the tissue decayed.
 Resin/amber
tree sap.
 Body
Fossil: Organisms caught in
fossil: Whole skeletal body left behind.
 Petrification: tissue
atom by atom.
replaced with minerals
 What
is a hypothesis?
 What are observations?
 What is an inference?
Dinosaur tracks are
common occurrences
in the southern and
eastern U.S.
Here is a section of
tracks that were
recently uncovered.
Can you answer the
following questions?
• What could you
say about the
size of the
organism?
• How fast was it
moving?
• Was it a
bipedal?
www.carlwozniak.com
In what direction
did the animal
move?
Did it change
speed or
direction?
Was the soil moist
or dry?
In what type of
rock were the
prints made?
Here is a another set of tracks
that were uncovered.
• How fast was it moving?
• Was it a bipedal?
• What is the size and nature of the
organism?
In what direction did the animal move?
Did it change speed or direction?
Was the soil moist or dry?
In what type of rock were the prints made?
After some more digging paleontologists were able to
connect the two:
•What is the size and
nature of the
organisms?
•Were the tracks made
at the same time?
•How many animals
were involved?
•Can you reconstruct
the events that
occurred?
www.carlwozniak.com
The following summer
some more digging
revealed more of the
track. What additional
information have you
gained that allows you
to refine your
answers?
www.carlwozniak.com
How many animals were
involved?
Can you reconstruct the
events that occurred?
In what direction did the
animals move?
Did they change speed or
direction?
www.carlwozniak.com
In the final summer of
the excavation one
last part of the
footprint trail was
uncovered. Does this
section provide
additional information
to refine your
hypothesis?
www.carlwozniak.com
So what happened?
What part of your
hypothesis is
observation? What
part is inference?
www.carlwozniak.com
This is how science is
done.
www.carlwozniak.com
 View
fossils

Universe: Physics and Chemistry
• We are all STAR DUST
 All known elements/atoms can be traced back to
stars.
 All matter is made up of atoms.
 All LIFE is made up of CARBON atoms.
 Papers-support
 Earth
Fossil Distribution
• Plate Tectonics
 Plates move which over millions of years results in a
change in the make-up of the Earth.
 These changes can also occur rapidly and suddenly
with earthquakes and volcanoes.
 Chemistry…Support
Chemistry
Biology
Evolution
Earth
Science
Physics
 Fossil
evidence
 Chromosome evidence
 Approximate date
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/libr
ary/03/4/quicktime/l_034_04.html