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Biology Final Exam Study Guide: All living things share 5 important characteristics: All living things get and use food for energy They move They grow They reproduce They respond to their environment Part of Cell: In Plant/Animal or Both: Cell Membrane plant/animal Nucleus plant/animal Chlorophyll plant Cytoplasm plant/animal Mitochondria plant/animal Vacuoles plant/animal Chloroplasts plant Cell Wall plant Job: Thin covering that holds the cell together Controls all other parts of the cell “command post” Green material inside chloroplasts that absorbs sunlight so the plant can make food Watery substance in a cell that other parts float in Helps the cell store and use energy “powerhouse” of the cell” Enclosed space that stores food molecules, water and waste: “storage room” Contains chlorophyll (green material) used to trap sunlight Thick covering: covers a plant cell membrane Evolution: Natural Selection is Darwin’s explanation of how evolution happens. Evolution is change over time. Absolute dating is the method scientist use to determine the actual age of a fossil. Most of the species found in fossil form are extinct. Relative dating is the method scientist use to determine whether one fossil is older than another fossil. Mutation occurs when the bases appear in a different order in a DNA molecule. To adapt is to adjust to a changing environment. Evolution happens through mutation and natural selection. Charles Darwin explained his theory of evolution by natural selection in a book called On the Origin of Species. Geologic time is the period of time that has passed since scientists believe the earth was formed based on the study of rocks. A mutation can happen when a base is left out, an extra base is added, or the wrong base is used in the pace of the correct base. The four points of Darwin’s theory of natural selection are overproduction, genetic variation, the struggle to survive, and successful reproduction. The traits that are best suited to the environment are selected. Ecology: Biome- An ecosystem found over a large geographic area Habitat- The place where an organism lives Community- A group of different populations that live in the same area Ecosystem- The interactions among populations and the nonliving things in their environment Population- A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area Decomposers- feed on dead organisms Herbivores- eat only plants Producers- organisms that make their own food Viruses and Bacteria Defense- a way your body fights of harmful organisms Virus- very small disease-causing microscopic particle that invades cells to reproduce itself Viruses use parts of a living cell to make more viruses A virus reprograms a host cell’s system to create new virus genetic material The lysogenic cycle is the complete viral reproductive cycle In the lysogenic cycle, a virus invades the cell wall of the host cell In the lytic cycle, a virus invaded a cell, lies dormant (inactive), and completes the reproductive cycle at a later time Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that are prokaryotes A prokaryote is an organism that does not have a nucleus Bacteria reproduce through binary fission The good bacteria help the body function and make it immune to illnesses Vaccines can prevent and antibiotics can treat bacterial infections The Human Body Organization: Cell: the basic unit of life Tissue: group of similar cells that work together Organ: group of different tissues that work together System: groups of organs that work together