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cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM A guide to respiratory fitness © Copyright Ali Clarke Design 2003 quit main listing enter contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Contents - Respiratory Introduction Structure of the respiratory system Breathing Lung function Lung capacity Summary quit main listing contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health contents effect of exercise back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health contents effect of exercise back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Introduction what is the respiratory system function of the respiratory system contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise What is the respiratory system? The respiratory system is made up from the following components; Lungs Airways Blood supply Respiratory muscles contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Function of the respiratory system To get air into the body so oxygen can be added to the blood To remove the waste gas carbon dioxide from the body contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise The respiratory system contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Structure of the Respiratory System upper airways lower airways structure of the airways lungs blood vessels respiratory muscles contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Structure of the respiratory system The respiratory system is made up from several components Airways – allow oxygen into the body Lungs – deliver oxygen to the bloodstream Blood vessels – deliver oxygen to the body tissues Respiratory muscles – move air in/out of the airways & lungs contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise The upper airways The airways are divided into upper & lower The upper airways begin in the nose/throat region, or nasopharynx Inhaled air travels down through the ‘voice-box’ (or larynx) before entering the ‘windpipe’, also called the trachea The trachea then divides into the right & left main bronchus, supplying air to each lung contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise The lower airways Each main bronchus splits into increasingly smaller branches, called bronchioles, that reach every part of the lung tissue The bronchioles finally divide into tiny sacs, called alveoli, where the exchange of oxygen (O2) for waste carbon dioxide (CO2) in the blood takes place There are more than 300 million alveoli in each lung, providing a huge total surface area for oxygenation to take place (equivalent the to area of a tennis court!) contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Structure of the airways nasal cavity nasopharynx epiglottis larynx trachea oesophagus Upper airways Lower airways contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise The lungs The lungs are the organs that allow us to breathe Each lung is joined to a main bronchus, which is then attached to the trachea (windpipe) The lungs are surrounded by a thin membrane called the pleura Each lung is divided into regions called lobes The lungs have a soft, spongy texture that allows them to stretch as we take a breath The inside of the lung contains numerous airways that divide many times to resemble the branches of a tree contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Structure of a lung Windpipe (Trachea) Bronchus Lung tissue Bronchiole Alveolar sacs Pleural membrane Lungs contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Blood vessels Lung tissue has a very rich blood supply This allows as much blood as possible to pass through the alveoli (air sacs) for oxygenation The oxygenated blood travels to the heart to be pumped to the body tissues Deoxygenated blood containing waste CO2 travels to the heart & is then pumped back to the lungs for more O2 to be added (& so on…) This movement of blood between the heart & lungs is called the pulmonary circulation contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Blood vessels Lung Capillaries Pulmonary Artery Pulmonary Vein To Body From Body Right heart Left heart Pulmonary circulation Blood vessels in the lung contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Respiratory muscles Various muscles are required to contract & relax in order to move air in & out of the lungs These are called the ‘respiratory muscles’ and include the Intercostal Muscles Diaphragm contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Respiratory muscles Intercostal muscles Lie between the ribs They contract to pull the ribs up & out, opening up the chest & expanding the lungs Diaphragm A large, dome-shaped muscle that divides the chest from the abdomen The base of each lung is attached to it It contracts & flattens, pulling the lungs down to expand them & opening the chest contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Respiratory muscles Nasopharynx Larynx Trachea Sternum Lung Diaphragm Intercostals (shaded) Intercostal muscles Diaphragm contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Breathing how oxygen gets in how carbon dioxide is removed mechanisms for breathing contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise How does oxygen get in? The air we breathe passes through the upper airways first; nasopharynx, larynx, trachea & main bronchi It then enters the lower airways of the lungs; small bronchi & bronchioles Finally, the air enters the many tiny air sacs, or alveoli contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise How does oxygen get to the tissues? The alveoli are covered with microscopic, thin-walled blood vessels, called capillaries O2 from the air is taken up into the blood within these capillaries, it then flows into the larger blood vessels & eventually ends up in the heart Oxygenated blood is pumped out of the heart & into the blood vessels supplying the body’s tissues Upon reaching the tissues, the O2 is released & the blood is said to be deoxygenated contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise How is carbon dioxide removed? Waste CO2 produced by the cells is collected in the blood & travels back to the heart via the circulation This deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart into the blood vessels of the lung, eventually arriving in the capillaries The capillaries lining the alveoli release CO2 into the air sacs, it then travels up the airways & out of the body into the atmosphere contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise How do we breathe in? To move air into the lungs, the volume of the chest must be made to increase by contracting the respiratory muscles; Intercostals – pull ribs up & out Diaphragm – flattens downward, stretching lungs This increase in chest volume makes the pressure inside the body lower than that outside the body This causes air to be sucked down the airways & into the lungs contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Mechanism of breathing in inspiration contracting Diaphragm (Inspiration) Intercostals (Inspiration) contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise How do we breathe out? Moving air out of the lungs involves reducing chest volume by relaxing the respiratory muscles; Intercostals – ribs move in & down Diaphragm – pushes upwards This decrease in chest volume makes the pressure inside the body higher than that outside This causes air to be squeezed out of the lungs & up into the airways contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Mechanism of breathing out expiration relaxing Diaphragm (Expiration) Intercostals (Expiration) contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Lung Function gaseous exchange respiration contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Gaseous exchange: O2 This is the addition of oxygen to the blood & the removal of waste carbon dioxide from it; i.e. it is the ‘exchange’ of one gas (CO2) for another (O2) Gaseous exchange takes place in the air sacs of the lung, called the alveoli The lining of each alveolus is very thin & is covered by a network of tiny blood vessels, called capillaries O2 from inhaled air travels across the alveolar lining & enters the capillaries Here, it is taken up by red blood cells in a special oxygencarrying molecule called haemoglobin contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Gaseous exchange: CO2 Waste CO2 must also be removed from the body CO2 is released from the cells & taken up by the tissue capillaries, where it dissolves into the blood CO2 is then carried in the blood vessels until it eventually reaches the capillaries that line the lung alveoli CO2 travels out of the capillaries & across the alveolar lining to enter the ‘airway tree’ CO2 is then pushed out of the body during expiration contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Cellular respiration This is the process whereby cells breakdown O2 & nutrient (sugar) to release energy CO2 is formed as a waste product during this process Respiration can be expressed in this simplified equation: O2 + sugar (oxygen) energy + CO2 + H20 (carbon dioxide) contents (water) back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Lung Capacity lung capacity lung capacity & fitness effects of exercise effects of smoking contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Lung capacity The amount of air breathed in/out during normal breathing is called the tidal volume The largest amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs after taking as big a breath in as possible is called the vital capacity The amount of air left behind is called the residual volume Lung function is measured using a peak flow meter or a more complex machine called a spirometer contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Lung capacity normal breaths maximum exhalation Tidal volume Vital capacity Total lung capacity Residual volume contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Lung capacity & fitness Lung capacity varies with age, sex, body shape, & level of fitness ‘Lung capacity’ is not the same as ‘respiratory fitness’ Respiratory fitness is determined by measuring the maximum amount of O2 that can be used by a person’s body, this is called VO2max The higher VO2max the fitter the individual contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Effect of exercise The respiratory system responds to the demands of exercise More O2 is required by the muscles & more CO2 is produced for removal Breathing rate increases Depth of breathing increases (maximum = vital capacity) Blood flow through lungs increases contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Exercise Exercise keeps the lungs in good condition Gives your heart & lungs a good workout Promotes a healthy lifestyle Improves your quality of life contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Effect of smoking Smoking damages your lungs Reduces the amount of O2 that can be carried in the blood Damages the lining of the airways & increases the amount of mucus produced Reduces alveolar function Increases the risk of lung infection, emphysema, bronchitis, asthma, & lung cancer contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Smoking & fitness Smoking damages your fitness Reduces lung vital capacity Reduces aerobic fitness contents back next cardiovascular respiratory musculo-skeletal diet & health effect of exercise Respiratory system: summary Respiratory system = lungs + airways + blood supply + muscles Adds O2 to blood & removes CO2 from it Exercise improves respiratory fitness Exercise keeps the respiratory system healthy contents back next end