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Chapter Presentation
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Visual Concepts
Standardized Test Prep
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Chapter 3
Biochemistry
Table of Contents
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Section 2 Molecules of Life
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Objectives
• Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds.
• Explain the importance of carbon bonding in biological
molecules.
• Identify functional groups in biological molecules.
• Summarize how large carbon molecules are synthesized and
broken down.
• Describe how the breaking down of ATP supplies energy to
drive chemical reactions.
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Carbon Bonding
• Organic compounds contain carbon atoms and are
found in living things; also have carbon – hydrogen
bonds
• Most inorganic compounds do not contain carbon
atoms.
– Carbon dioxide is an exception (it is inorganic)
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Carbon Bonding, continued
• Carbon atoms can readily form four covalent bonds
with other atoms including other carbon atoms.
• The carbon bonds allow the carbon atoms to form a
wide variety of simple and complex organic
compounds.
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Carbon Bonding
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Functional Groups…
• … are groups of atoms that influence the properties
of molecules and chemical reactions in which the
molecules participate.
• Examples…
– Hydroxyl group (OH)
– Carboxyl group (COOH)
– Amino group (NH2)
– Phosphate group (PO4)
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Large Carbon Molecules
• Condensation reactions…
– join monomers (small simple molecules) to form
polymers.
• Releases water as a by-product.
• Hydrolysis reaction,
– water is used to split polymers into monomers.
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Energy Currency
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) stores and releases
energy during cell processes, enabling organisms to
function.
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Comparing ADP and ATP
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Objectives
• Distinguish between monosaccharides, disaccharides,and
polysaccharides.
• Explain the relationship between amino acids and protein
structure.
• Describe the induced fit model of enzyme action.
• Compare the structure and function of each of the different
types of lipids.
• Compare the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are organic compounds composed
of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• There is a ratio of two hydrogen atoms to every one
oxygen atom in carbohydrates
• Over all ratio of one carbon to two hydrogen atoms to
one oxygen atom (1:2:1).
• Carbohydrates are a source of energy and are used
as structural materials in organisms.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates
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Visual Concept
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Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
• The ratio of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is 1:2:1
• The general formula is (CH2O)n
– n = any whole number from 3 to 8
– (CH2O)6 = C6H12O6
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates, continued
• Monosaccharides
– Carbohydrates are made up of monomers called
monosaccharides.
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Chapter 3
Common monosaccharides
• Glucose (C6H12O6): found in many cells, used for energy
• Fructose (C6H12O6): found in fruits
• Galactose (C6H12O6) : found in milk
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Chapter 3
Isomers: the same molecular formula but
different structural formulas…
…Glucose, fructose, and galactose are all
isomers (C6H12O6)
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Carbohydrates, continued
• Disaccharides…
– two monosaccharides join by a condensation
reaction to form a double sugar called a
disaccharide.
– Fructose + glucose  sucrose + H2O
– Glucose + glucose  maltose + H2O
– Galactose + glucose  lactose + H2O
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Disaccharides
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 3
Carbohydrates, continued
• Polysaccharides…
– A complex sugar, called a polysaccharide
– Formed by a condensation reaction between three
or more monosaccharides.
• glucose + glucose + glucose glycogen + 2 H2O
• Glycogen is called animal starch
– It is stored as an energy reserve in our liver and
muscles.
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Carbohydrates, continued
• Plants form …
…starch (a highly branched chain) from
glucose
…cellulose (an unbranched chain) from
glucose.
– Cellulose makes up 50% of the
composition of wood.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Proteins
• Proteins are organic compounds composed mainly
of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
– They have many functions including structural,
defensive, and catalytic roles.
• Amino acids are the monomers that comprise
proteins.
– There are about 20 different amino acids found in
nature.
– They have a central carbon atom covalently
bonded to four other atoms or functional groups.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Proteins, continued
• Amino Acids
– The “R” group causes the differences in amino
acids and determines the chemical properties
of each amino acid.
• The sequence of amino acids determines a protein’s
shape and function.
• The shape of the protein determines its function
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Amino Acid
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Proteins, continued
• Dipeptides and Polypeptides
– Two amino acids are joined by peptide bonds to
form a dipeptide.
– Dipeptides form through condensation reactions
– Peptide bonds are covalent
• A long chain (3 or more) of amino acids is called a
polypeptide.
• They can be bent & folded to form different types
of proteins.
• They can combine w / other polypeptides to form
different types of proteins.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Structure of Proteins
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Chapter 3
Enzymes
•
•
•
These are proteins that act as
catalysts.
Cellular functions depend on
enzymes.
The lock and key model of enzyme
reactions is based upon the shape of
the enzyme along with the shape of
the reactant (substrate).
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Chapter 3
Enzymes (cont.)
•
The enzyme and substrate link together.
– Enzyme breaks covalent bonds of the
substrate which produces new products.
– Enzyme itself does not change. The cell uses it
over and over again.
•
Temperature and pH can speed up, slow down, or
stop an enzymatic reaction.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Enzyme Activity
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Fats
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Lipids
• Lipids are nonpolar, organic macromolecules that do
not dissolve in water
• Lipids have large numbers of carbon-hydrogen
bonds. These bonds store large amounts of energy
• Lipids are an important part of cell membranes.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Lipids, continued
• Fatty Acids
– Most lipids contain fatty acids, unbranched
carbon chain molecules
– A carboxyl group, -COOH, is attached at one end
of the fatty acid
– Carboxyl groups are polar and attracted to water.
(Hydrophilic) means water loving.
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Chapter 3
Lipids, continued
• The other end of a fatty
acid is composed of
hydrocarbons
• Hydrocarbons are
nonpolar & hydrophobic
(means water fearing)
Not attracted to water.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Fatty Acids
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Lipids, continued
• Triglycerides
– Triglyceride: composed of three fatty acids joined
to an alcohol molecule called glycerol by a
condensation reaction
– Saturated triglycerides: animal fats
– High melting points: solid at room temperature
– Unsaturated triglycerides: plant oils
– Low melting points: liquid at room temperature
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Lipids, continued
• Phospholipids
– Make up cell membranes, consist of two fatty
acids and one glycerol molecule.
• Cell membranes are composed of two layers of
phospholipids (a phospholipid bilayer)
• Cell membrane won’t dissolve in water. This holds
the content of a cell together.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Lipids, continued
• Waxes
– A wax is made of one long fatty acid chain joined
to one long alcohol by a condensation reaction.
– Waxes are waterproof. This enables plants to survive
by water retention.
– Wax in ears prevents microorganisms from infecting
the ear canal.
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Chapter 3
Steroids
• These are composed of four fused carbon rings with
various functional groups attached to them.
• Examples:
– Hormones: testosterone and estrogen
– Cholesterol: used in nerve cell function
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Nucleic Acids
• A nucleic acid is a large and complex organic
molecule that stores and transports information.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Structure of Nucleic Acids
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Nucleic Acids
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Visual Concept
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Nucleic Acids, continued
• The nucleic acid deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
contains genetic information for cell activities.
• Ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules play many key
roles in building of proteins and can act as enzymes.
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
DNA Overview
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Chapter 3
Section 2 Molecules of Life
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following is not a function of
polysaccharides?
A. energy source
B. energy storage
C. structural support
D. storage of genetic information
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which of the following is not a function of
polysaccharides?
A. energy source
B. energy storage
C. structural support
D. storage of genetic information
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which of the following statements is false?
F. A wax is a lipid.
G. Starch is a lipid.
H. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature.
J. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. Which of the following statements is false?
F. A wax is a lipid.
G. Starch is a lipid.
H. Saturated fats are solid at room temperature.
J. Unsaturated fats are liquid at room temperature.
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Chapter 3
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Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following molecules stores hereditary
information?
A. ATP
B. DNA
C. protein
D. carbohydrates
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Chapter 3
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Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following molecules stores hereditary
information?
A. ATP
B. DNA
C. protein
D. carbohydrates
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Chapter 3
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Multiple Choice, continued
4. What is the name of the molecule in plants that
stores sugars?
F. starch
G. protein
H. cellulose
J. glycogen
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Multiple Choice, continued
4. What is the name of the molecule in plants that
stores sugars?
F. starch
G. protein
H. cellulose
J. glycogen
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Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below illustrates
the basic structure of a cell
membrane. Use the
figure to answer the questions
that follow.
5. Which of the following
molecules make up the
basic structure of a cell
membrane?
A. waxes
B. steroids
C. fatty acids
D. phospholipids
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below illustrates
the basic structure of a cell
membrane. Use the
figure to answer the questions
that follow.
5. Which of the following
molecules make up the
basic structure of a cell
membrane?
A. waxes
B. steroids
C. fatty acids
D. phospholipids
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below illustrates
the basic structure of a cell
membrane. Use the
figure to answer the questions
that follow.
6. The “tails” of the molecules
in the figure orient away from
water. Which of the following
describes the tail’s
movement away from water?
F. polar
G. adhesive
H. hydrophilic
J. hydrophobic
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Chapter 3
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Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below illustrates
the basic structure of a cell
membrane. Use the
figure to answer the questions
that follow.
6. The “tails” of the molecules
in the figure orient away from
water. Which of the following
describes the tail’s
movement away from water?
F. polar
G. adhesive
H. hydrophilic
J. hydrophobic
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
7. simple sugars : carbohydrates :: amino acids :
A. lipids
B. proteins
C. nucleic acids
D. amino acids
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Chapter 3
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Multiple Choice, continued
7. simple sugars : carbohydrates :: amino acids :
A. lipids
B. proteins
C. nucleic acids
D. amino acids
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below represents
the structural formula of a
molecule. Use the
figure to answer the question
that follows.
8. What is the name of the
functional group circled in the
structural formula?
F. amino
G. hydroxyl
H. phosphate
J. carboxyl
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Chapter 3
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Multiple Choice, continued
The figure below represents
the structural formula of a
molecule. Use the
figure to answer the question
that follows.
8. What is the name of the
functional group circled in the
structural formula?
F. amino
G. hydroxyl
H. phosphate
J. carboxyl
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Chapter 3
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Short Response
Proteins are affected by environmental conditions
such as heat and pH.
Explain why the process of cooking an egg cannot be
reversed.
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Chapter 3
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Short Response, continued
Proteins are affected by environmental conditions
such as heat and pH.
Explain why the process of cooking an egg cannot be
reversed.
Answer:
The heat that is added to the egg changes the bonds
in the proteins and other molecules that make up the
egg to such a large extent that the original protein
shape can no longer be distinguished.
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response
Enzymes are essential for the functioning of all cells.
Part A Explain what enzymes do that is essential for
cell function.
Part B Explain the induced fit model of enzyme
action.
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Chapter 3
Standardized Test Prep
Extended Response, continued
Answer:
Part A Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions that are
involved in important cell processes.
Part B Bonding of the substrates to enzymes causes a
slight change in the enzyme’s shape, thereby
weakening some of the bonds and lowering activation
energy.
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Chapter 3
Section 1 Carbon Compounds
Energy Currency
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