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PASTORALISM IN TANZANIA: Making an Economic Case within the context of Kilimo Kwanza Alais Ole-Morindat Pastoral Programme EA Alais Ole-Morindat The Livestock Herd – Key Asset The Pillars of Pastoralism Natural Resources The Herd The Family & Wider Social Institutions Pastoralism driver of economic prosperity in Africa’s drylands PHOTO: Kelley Lynch Introduction In Tanzania & EA decision makers believe pastoralism to be an archaic, economically inefficient and environmentally destructive form of land use. Pastoralists are viewed as backward, resistant to change and inherently violent, willfully refusing the benefits of modernization Introduction deep-seated perceptions have a direct impact on policy justifying either alienation of pastoral land or measures to turn pastoralists into modern livestock keepers. this perpetuates a vicious cycle: increasing poverty, resource conflict and environmental degradation, thereby reinforcing the very perceptions surrounding pastoralism as a livelihood. Introduction This not only deprives pastoralists of their rights of self determination, but it also represents a missed opportunity to capitalize on the significant economic potential pastoralism offers in arid and semi arid areas of Tanzania in a context of increasing climatic variations. POVERTY AS A PROBLEM The biggest challenge facing Tanzania today is how to move from a rural based economy to a more modern & competitive economy in line with: VISION 2025 also MKUKUTA & KILIMO KWANZA Sectoral Policies – i.e. Agriculture. Livestock, health, education etc. – and ongoing reform processes (i.e. decentralisation) are critical if we are to succeed. Opportunities One of the huge opportunities is Livestock: TZ has 18.5 million cattle 13.1 Million goats 3.6 million sheep 60 out of a total of 94 million hectares are rangelands. Over 90% of the livestock population is of indigenous types, having low genetic potential but well adapted to harsh environmental conditions and highly resistant to diseases. THE TWO PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Tanzania has two major production systems namely extensive and intensive. The intensive system, which is limited in size, has been receiving most emphasis in investment and improvement. The extensive system, which is mostly led by pastoralist & agro-pastoralism, is neglected. This is a missed opportunity as demands for meat (research shows) is on the increase. Recent Research Livestock to agric GDP: Kenya 50%, Tanzania 30%; Uganda 1 % of national herd indigenous: Kenya 75%, Tanzania 97%; Uganda 95% Export hides US$ million in 2000 Kenya 0.11m, Tanzania 5.68m, Uganda 12.89m Beef production tonnes 2000 Kenya 290,000, Tanzania 181,000 Contribution livestock to national economies Ethiopia Kenya Tanzania Uganda Agric. GDP 45% 42-50% 30% 19% Overall GDP 20% 10% 6.1% 7.5% Export hides/skins in millions of $ $41 (1998) $0.11 (2000) $5.68 (2000) $12.89 (2000) Beef production in metric tonnes (2000) 298,000 290,000 to 320,000 181,000 to 360,000 292,800 5% agric 0.3% on L/S (‘93-98) 3% on agric 1% on L/S (‘02/03) Government expenditure on agriculture (on livestock) Livestock populations Total Cattle % drylands Total shoats % drylands Total Camels % drylands Source 0.5 million (100%) FAOSTAT Ethiopia 38.5 million (20%) 17 million 25% sheep 73% goats Kenya 11.7 million (60%) 17.9 million 60%) Tanzania 16.8 million 15.6 million (25% Arusha, Dodoma, Morogoro, Manyara) www.nbs. go.tz Uganda 6.3 million www.ubo s.org 7.9 million GoK; WISP 2007) Grasslands store approximately 34% of the global stock of CO2 – a service worth $7 per hectare Pastoralist work is hard Pastoralist are knowledgeable Pastoralists co-exist with wildlife making perfect use of natural pastures Mobile livestock more productive than sedentary livestock 7 herds: 3 sedentary & 4 mobile Sedentary (149) Mobile (546) Meat production per Kg of breeding female 0.023 kg 0.057 kg Calving rate 45% 65% Total deaths 35% 15% Calf deaths 40% 11% Pastoralism is more productive than some alternative land uses: commercial / irrigated agriculture Annual net returns per hectare of Awash river valley land Pastoralism = annual profit of US$417 to US$835 per hectare in 2009 State cotton farm = annual loss of US$ 1,165 per hectare over 1980-90s New conceptual framework Total Economic Value of Pastoralism Direct values Subsistence and livelihoods values Market based values Human capital values Indirect values Economic input values Environment input values Pastoralism contributes significantly to other sectors Tourism: $85 million to Tanzania’s northern circuit tourism industry each year through preservation of dry season pastures Informal meat roasting business (nyama choma) 601 nyama choma businesses in Arusha town employing 5,600 people with estimated 25,000 dependents – 6.6% of pop of Arusha At national level, estimated annual turn over US$ 22 million with 2.2 million people receiving some support Product branding…an indirect value…? Pastoralists practice agriculture If the government does not address land-related issues, frustration and conflict may arise Why do governments overlook the contribution of pastoralism? Poor understanding of pastoralism Existing data on benefits is limited There may be political or economic reasons (e.g. vested interests) which means governments ignore the evidence. Pastoralists lack the capacity to argue their case In conclusion: Government needs to make critical choices in support of pastoralism – KILIMO KWANZA – an important entry point. pastoral groups in Tanzania need to be at the centre of local and national discourses that relate to their livelihoods