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Chapter 22 Rift Valleys are places where the earth’s crust stretches until it breaks A series of rift valleys stretches from north to south across the center of East Africa The Great Rift Valley is the largest rift valley in the world https://youtu.be/w7Y2R4KBwv o East Africa has many high, snowcapped volcanic mountains, including Mount Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa https://youtu.be/HNLpTiSnHR g The Ethiopian Highlands are very rugged and cut by deep river valleys Tanzania and Kenya have wide plains areas The Serengeti Plain in Tanzania is famous for its wildlife, such as elephants, giraffes, lions, and zebras The government has made the plain a national park The Nile, the world’s longest river, begins in East Africa It is formed by the joining of two rivers, the White Nile and the Blue Nile The White Nile flows out of Lake Victoria, Africa’s largest lake Lakes have formed along both eastern and western rift valleys East Africa’s location on the equator and its varied elevations influence the climates found there Areas near the equator receive the most rain, while areas away from the equator experience occasional droughts, or periods when little rain falls During droughts crops die and people suffer South of the equator the climate changes to tropical savanna Tall grasses and scattered trees Rift floors are dry with grasslands and thorn shrubs North of the equator, plateaus and mountains have a highland climate and dense forests Temperatures are cooler than on the savanna Heavy rains make farming possible Because of the rain and farming, most people in the region live in the highlands East of the highlands and on the coast, the land is much lower Desert and steppe climates Only shrubs and hardy grasses can grow Missionaries brought Christianity to Ethiopia in AD 300s. It moved to Nubia, now part of Egypt and Sudan, later In the 1200s an emperor named Lalibela had 11 rock churches carved out of the rocky ground Islam was a major religion in East Africa by 700 Islam gradually spread from Egypt south into East Africa Muslims also moved into East Africa from the Indian Ocean. Cities like Mogadishu and Mombasa became Muslim centers The Indian Ocean slave trade began more than 1000 years ago East African, Arabs, and Europeans kidnapped Africans, enslaved them, and shipped them to ports throughout African and Southwest Asia Most slaves went to Islamic countries https://youtu.be/04J0xegh-zE The Portuguese built forts and settlements to support the slave trade In the 1700s Zanzibar became an international slave-trading center Most European countries ended slavery in the 1800s Europeans wanted goods like gold, ivory, and rubber that came from Africa To get these goods, Europeans thought they needed to dominate the regions of Africa that they came from European countries formed colonies in Africa Only Ethiopia was not colonized In the 1800s Britain and other countries divided Africa among them, they used imperialism, a practice that tries to dominate another countries government, trade, and culture In the 1960s most East African countries gained independence Some newly independent countries were faced with ethnic conflicts Many countries speak languages introduced by European imperialists For example, French is an official language in Rwanda, while English is spoken Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania Swahili this the most widely spoken East African language Most religions emphasize honoring ancestors Many East Africans are animists. They believe the natural world contains spirits Most Christians live in Ethiopia Islam is also common Sudan and Somalia are mostly Muslim More than 2 million tourists visit Tanzania and Kenya each year Safari: an overland journey to view wildlife https://youtu.be/Pj7cRxjCXoU Tanzania is rich in gold and diamonds Farming is a major activity in both Tanzania and Kenya However, farming is encroaching on national park land causing a problem for wildlife Kenya also produces geothermal energy, energy produced from heat of the earth’s interior Tanzania’s capital is Dodoma Dar es Salaam is the country’s business center Kenya’s capital is Nairobi U.S. embassies in both Dar es Salaam and Nairobi have been attacked by al Qaeda (1998) Dar es Salaam Populated by two main groups the Hutu and the Tutsi Violence has erupted between the two groups The borders drawn by Europeans have lumped these two groups together in the same areas 1990 ethnic conflict led to genocide, the intentional destruction of people, in Rwanda The Hutu tried to wipe out the Tutsi https://youtu.be/KqJr46_yUH 8 Left to Tell by Immaculee Ilibagiza Both Rwanda and Burundi are densely populated Neither country has many resources Both depend on coffee and tea exports to survive Large country, mainly agricultural Conflict between Christians and Muslims Genocide occurred in a region called Darfur Millions of people have fled Sudan as refugees https://youtu.be/m8__o6 mzsX0 Recovering from decades of military leadership Democratic since 1986 About 80 percent of the people work in agriculture Coffee is the major export Has never been under foreign rule Rich soil in the highlands makes agriculture profitable Droughts in the 1980s caused a loss of crops Most people in the highlands are Christian People in the lowlands are Muslim Italian colony in the 1800s then part of Ethiopia Became a country in 1993 Tourists are drawn to the coasts Most people are farmers or herders Cotton is the main export Mostly covered with deserts and dry savanna Too dry for farming, most people are herders Most people are Muslim Clans within Somalia have fought over rights to lands and cities, such as Mogadishu, the capital Movie: Blackhawk Down 1990s civil war and drought caused much hardship Small, desert country on the Bab alMandab, the strait that connects the Red Sea and Indian Ocean Was a French colony until 1977 French is the official language Capital and major seaport is also called Djibouti Serves as the main port for Ethiopia which is landlocked Ethnic fighting for many years
