Download PASTORALISM IN TANZANIA

PASTORALISM IN TANZANIA:
Making an Economic Case
within the context of Kilimo Kwanza
Alais Ole-Morindat
Pastoral Programme EA
Alais Ole-Morindat
The Livestock Herd – Key Asset
The Pillars of Pastoralism
Natural Resources
The Herd
The Family & Wider
Social Institutions
Pastoralism
driver of economic prosperity in
Africa’s drylands
PHOTO: Kelley Lynch
Introduction

In Tanzania & EA decision makers believe
pastoralism to be an archaic, economically
inefficient and environmentally destructive
form of land use.

Pastoralists are viewed as backward,
resistant to change and inherently violent,
willfully refusing the benefits of modernization
Introduction


deep-seated perceptions have a direct impact
on policy justifying either alienation of
pastoral land or measures to turn pastoralists
into modern livestock keepers.
this perpetuates a vicious cycle: increasing
poverty, resource conflict and environmental
degradation, thereby reinforcing the very
perceptions surrounding pastoralism as a
livelihood.
Introduction

This not only deprives pastoralists of their
rights of self determination, but it also
represents a missed opportunity to capitalize
on the significant economic potential
pastoralism offers in arid and semi arid areas
of Tanzania in a context of increasing climatic
variations.
POVERTY AS A PROBLEM

The biggest challenge facing Tanzania today
is how to move from a rural based economy
to a more modern & competitive economy in
line with: VISION 2025 also MKUKUTA &
KILIMO KWANZA

Sectoral Policies – i.e. Agriculture. Livestock,
health, education etc. – and ongoing reform
processes (i.e. decentralisation) are critical if
we are to succeed.
Opportunities






One of the huge opportunities is Livestock:
TZ has 18.5 million cattle
13.1 Million goats
3.6 million sheep
60 out of a total of 94 million hectares are
rangelands.
Over 90% of the livestock population is of
indigenous types, having low genetic potential but
well adapted to harsh environmental conditions and
highly resistant to diseases.
THE TWO PRODUCTION SYSTEMS




Tanzania has two major production systems
namely extensive and intensive.
The intensive system, which is limited in size,
has been receiving most emphasis in
investment and improvement.
The extensive system, which is mostly led by
pastoralist & agro-pastoralism, is neglected.
This is a missed opportunity as demands for
meat (research shows) is on the increase.
Recent Research
Livestock to agric GDP:
Kenya 50%, Tanzania 30%; Uganda 1
% of national herd indigenous:
Kenya 75%, Tanzania 97%; Uganda 95%
Export hides US$ million in 2000
Kenya 0.11m, Tanzania 5.68m, Uganda 12.89m
Beef production tonnes 2000
Kenya 290,000, Tanzania 181,000
Contribution livestock to national economies
Ethiopia
Kenya
Tanzania
Uganda
Agric. GDP
45%
42-50%
30%
19%
Overall GDP
20%
10%
6.1%
7.5%
Export hides/skins in
millions of $
$41
(1998)
$0.11
(2000)
$5.68
(2000)
$12.89
(2000)
Beef production in
metric tonnes (2000)
298,000
290,000
to
320,000
181,000
to
360,000
292,800
5% agric
0.3% on
L/S
(‘93-98)
3% on
agric
1% on
L/S
(‘02/03)
Government
expenditure on
agriculture
(on livestock)
Livestock populations
Total Cattle
% drylands
Total shoats
% drylands
Total Camels
% drylands
Source
0.5 million
(100%)
FAOSTAT
Ethiopia
38.5 million
(20%)
17 million
25% sheep
73% goats
Kenya
11.7 million
(60%)
17.9 million
60%)
Tanzania
16.8 million
15.6 million
(25% Arusha,
Dodoma,
Morogoro,
Manyara)
www.nbs.
go.tz
Uganda
6.3 million
www.ubo
s.org
7.9 million
GoK;
WISP
2007)
Grasslands store approximately 34% of the global
stock of CO2 – a service worth $7 per hectare
Pastoralist work is hard
Pastoralist are knowledgeable
Pastoralists co-exist
with wildlife making
perfect use of natural
pastures
Mobile livestock more productive than sedentary
livestock
7 herds: 3 sedentary & 4 mobile
Sedentary
(149)
Mobile (546)
Meat production per Kg of breeding female
0.023 kg
0.057 kg
Calving rate
45%
65%
Total deaths
35%
15%
Calf deaths
40%
11%
Pastoralism is more productive than some
alternative land uses: commercial / irrigated
agriculture



Annual net returns per hectare of Awash river valley land
Pastoralism = annual profit of US$417 to US$835 per
hectare in 2009
State cotton farm = annual loss of US$ 1,165 per hectare
over 1980-90s
New conceptual framework
Total Economic Value of Pastoralism
Direct values
Subsistence and
livelihoods values

Market
based values

Human
capital values

Indirect values
Economic input
values

Environment input
values

Pastoralism contributes significantly
to other sectors
Tourism:
$85 million to Tanzania’s
northern circuit tourism industry
each year through preservation of
dry season pastures
Informal meat roasting
business (nyama choma)
601 nyama choma businesses in
Arusha town employing 5,600
people with estimated 25,000
dependents – 6.6% of pop of
Arusha
At national level, estimated annual
turn over US$ 22 million with 2.2
million people receiving some
support
Product branding…an indirect
value…?
Pastoralists practice agriculture
If the government does not address land-related issues,
frustration and conflict may arise
Why do governments overlook the
contribution of pastoralism?

Poor understanding of pastoralism
 Existing data on benefits is limited


There may be political or economic reasons
(e.g. vested interests) which means
governments ignore the evidence.
Pastoralists lack the capacity to argue their
case
In conclusion:

Government needs to make critical
choices in support of pastoralism –
KILIMO KWANZA – an important entry
point.

pastoral groups in Tanzania need to be at
the centre of local and national discourses
that relate to their livelihoods