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Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: ____________________________ of Body Parts. __________________________ Physiology: ___________________________ of body parts. What they do and how they do it. *A & P are very closely related - ________________________________________________________ Characteristics of Life Movement - self initiated change in position, motion of internal parts Responsiveness (irritability) - Ability to sense changes within, or around the organism and react to them _____________________ - increase in body size Reproduction - Parents produce offspring / producing new individuals ___________________________ - Obtaining oxygen (O2), using it to release energy from food substances, and getting rid of wastes Digestion - Chemically changing (breaking down) food substances, and getting rid of wastes ______________________________ - Passage of Digested products (food substances) through membranes and into body fluids Circulation - Movement of substances throughout the body ______________________________ - Changing absorbed substances into chemically different substances Excretion - Removal of wastes METABOLISM:: All _________________________ and ____________________________ changes occurring in an organism Bodily Needs: Water, food, oxygen, heat, ___________________________ - all must be regulated HOMEOSTASIS: Tendency of the body to ______________________________ a _________________________, balanced ____________________________________. Accomplished through self regulating adjustments Levels of Organization (from simplest to most complex) Atoms --> Molecules --> _____________________________ --> Organelles --> Cells --> Tissues --> Organs --> Organ Systems --> Organism *A group (mass) of cells working together to carry out certain common ____________________ form a tissue *A group of tissues working together to carry out certain common functions form an ___________________ *A group of organs working together form an _____________________ General Organization of the Body: Axial Portion - _____________________________________________ Appendicular Portion - _______________________________________ 1. Several body cavities 2. Layers of membranes within cavities 3. Variety of organs and organ systems within cavities (___________ = internal organs. "Visceral organs") Body Cavities (see p.9) A. _______________Cavity --- (Cranial Cavity – Brain), (Spinal Cavity - Spinal Cord) B. Ventral Cavity 1. Thoracic Cavity - right and left compartment separated by ______________________________. Heart , lungs, esophagus, trachea 2. Abdominopelvic Cavity ---____________________________ cavity – stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, small intestine ---__________________ cavity – part of the large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs *Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity separated by ____________________________ – Organs surrounded by “____________________” membrane – Outer layer of each membrane called _________________________ layer • Forms lining against wall of each cavity – Inner layer of each membrane called the _____________________ layer • Forms lining against the organs Membranes: 1. _______________________ (or pleural membrane) - surrounds the _______________________ --outer layer = parietal pleura --inner layer = visceral pleura 2. ________________________ (or pericardial membrane) - surrounds the _______________________ --outer layer = parietal pericardium --inner layer = visceral pericardium 3. ________________________ (or peritoneal membrane) - surrounds all the ____________________ within the abdominopelvic cavity --outer layer = parietal peritoneum --inner layer = visceral peritoneum *Between the layers of each membrane is a lubricating fluid which is called ________________________ ORGAN SYSTEMS 1. Body covering. Skin,hair,nails,sweat glands. Function: protect underlying tissues and regulate body temperature 2. Bones, ligaments, cartilage Function: Support, movement, protection, and production of blood cells 3. Muscles of the body Function: Movement, maintenance of posture, production of body heat 4. Brain, spinal cord, nerves through the body Function: Communication throughout body, mental activities, maintaining homeostasis 5. Ductless glands = pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, parathyroid, pancreas, ovaries, testes, thymus, pineal glands Function: Secretion of hormones, communication between body parts 6. Mouth, teeth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, and many glands including the pancreas Function: Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed (digestion). 7. Heart, blood vessels, blood. Function: Transports materials throughout the body. *Lymphatic system usually included with the circulatory system 8. Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra Function: Removes ("filters") wastes from the blood and helps maintain the body's water and electrolyte balance 9. Reproductive organs, primarily the ovaries (females) and testes (males) Function: Produce special reproductive cells for reproduction Anatomical Terminology Anatomical Position = standing _____________________, face forward, arms at side, palms facing _______________________________ Superior – any body part above another or _____________________ to the _____________________ Inferior – any body part that is _________________ another or is towards the ____________________ Anterior – means toward the _________________ (____________________). Posterior – opposite of anterior; towards the ___________________________ Medial – imaginary ____________________________ dividing the body into __________________ right and left halves. A body part is medial if it is closer to this line than another part. Lateral – toward the ______________ with respect to the imaginary ______________________ Proximal – any body part __________________ to a point of _______________ than another body part. Distal – opposite of proximal; _______________ from a point of _________________ than another body part. Superficial – situated near the ____________________________. Deep – describes parts that are more _____________________________. BODY SECTIONS Sagittal – lengthwise cut that divides the body into ________________ and __________________ portions. If near midline, called ______________________. Transverse – refers to cut that divides the body into ________________ and ___________________ portions. Coronal – Refers to a section that divides the body into ______________________ and __________________________ portions. Chapter 1 Body Cavities Label the following using your textbook as a guide. Homeostasis Virtual Lab http://alturl.com/z3xei In this activity, it's up to you, not the body, to maintain homeostasis in a virtual person. Monitor the displays and use the controls to keep the indicators centered. But don't become complacent when you achieve a balance! Our subject will randomly change states—from standing to running to resting—and throw off your settings! After you try to balance the virtual person’s various rates, click on each tab to answer the following questions. Heart Rate: 1. What is the heart rate controlled by? _______________________________________________ 2. What things can change the rate of what controls the heart rate? _______________________________ _______________________________ _______________________________ Respiration: 1. The rate you breathe is controlled by what? __________________________________________ 2. What detects the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in you blood? _______________________ Blood Pressure: 1. What is blood pressure? __________________________________________________________ 2. What are some major factors that determine your blood pressure? ________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Perspiration: 1. What does the water in your blood do in regards to perspiration?__________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 2. During strenuous activity, your body can release as much as ____________ liters of sweat every hour. Blood Sugar: 1. What organs secrete hormones to help keep your sugar in balance? _______________ 2. What two hormones are secreted by this organ? ________________________________ Anatomy and Physiology Chapter One Review Guide 1. Define ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY 2. List and describe the characteristics of life 3. Write down the levels of organization, from simplest to most complex 4. Describe the body cavities, what organs are found in each and be able to identify them on a diagram. 5. Describe the membranes and their locations (parietal vs visceral) 6. Describe the organ systems, their functions, and organs found in each (See concept map) 7. Describe the ANATOMICAL POSITION 8. Describe in VERY short terms the relative positions 9. Understand the body sections (slices) used to observe internal structures, be able to label them on a diagram (sagittal, transverse, coronal) GREAT INTERACTIVE STUDY LINKS Organ Systems http://sciencenetlinks.com/interactives/systems.html Body Systems http://www.biologycorner.com/flashquiz/bodysystems.swf Body Cavities http://www.biologycorner.com/flashquiz/bodycavities.swf