Download Forms of Gov - Revere Local Schools


Government: the control or management
of a state, district, or region.
Totalitarian state
Capitalist
Democracy
Unlimited powers
Communist
Republic
Theocracy
Federal
Mixed
Constitutional monarchy
Dictatorship
Anarchy
monarchy
Limited powers
Limited powers: government that is
controlled by the people it governs; for
example, by the use of elections.
 Unlimited powers: government in which
power in concentrated in a few or single
leader without external control.
 Anarchy: is a situation where there is no
government. This can happen after a civil
war in a country, when a government has
been destroyed.
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Democracy - citizens run the government and
make decisions
Dictatorship - Ruled by a single leader. The leader
has not been elected and may use force to keep
control. In a military dictatorship, the army is in
control.
Monarchy - A king, queen or emperor. Monarch
has absolute power gained through heredity.
› Constitutional monarchy, there is a monarch but also a
democratic (elected) government (like parliament) that
limits the monarch's control. Ex: England
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Theocracy- based on religious rules, generally has
a single ruler.
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Republic - The people who rule it are elected
by some segment of the population. The head
of the country is usually an elected president.
Federal - A central government shares power
with a number of small local governments.
Totalitarian state - Only one political party.
People are forced to do what the government
tells them; individuals have no rights;
government suppresses all opposition.
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1.
2.
3.
An Economic System is the way in which
countries answer the 3 questions:
Who should own resources?
What and how to produce?
Who gets the finished goods?
Economic Systems
Tradition
Relies on
custom,
habit, or
ritual. Little
room for
innovation
or change.
Associated
with low
standard of
living.
Market
Economic
decisions
made by
individuals.
Freedom,
competition,
and profit
are valued in
this system.
Command
Central gov’t
or authority
answers
economic
questions.
Lack of
consumer
goods.
Heavy in
military
spending.
Mixed
Combines all
three previous
economic
systems.
Capitalist - In a capitalist or free-market
country, people own their own businesses
and property.
 Communist - In a communist country, the
government owns things like businesses and
farms in an effort to erase the inequalities of
wealth. It provides healthcare, education
and welfare.
 Mixed – combines features of other systems.
For example, private individuals may own
companies, but the government regulates
their pollution or the quality of the items
produced.

 Form
of Gov’t: democratic, republic,
federal, mixed / capitalist with
regulation, constitutional, limited
power
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Worldwide Great Depression –
› Angry unemployed young men want solutions
› Instability

Unresolved issues from WW1
› German economy in turmoil
› Disagreements over territory
› Control of colonies by imperial powers
Nationalism
 Fear of the spread of Communism (Russian
Revolution in 1917)
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Form of Gov’t: democratic republic
Leader: President Franklin D.
Roosevelt
FDR elected: 1932, 1936, 1940, 1944
Major issue: Great Depression
Passes New Deal programs in
cooperation with Congress =
respect for the Constitution
› But caused a dramatic increase
in the power of the federal
government
› Using deficit spending (growing
debt)
US population: 130+ million
Form of Government: Constitutional Monarchy
› king / queen is a figure head with little political
power
› During WW2: King George VI and Queen Elizabeth
 Parliament is bicameral (2 houses):
› It is the legislative (law making) body (like Congress)
› Upper house: the House of Lords

 Originally made up of men from the upper class – this
changed in 2007
› lower house: House of Commons,
democratically elected group.

Population: 48 million
›
http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons/lib/research/rp99/rp99-111.pdf
1940 – 1945
 When Prime Minister Neville
Chamberlin resigned,
Churchill was appointed in
May 1940 by King George
› Prime minister is usually
selected from the majority
party in government by
members of parliament
having been first elected
to Parliament by citizens.
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http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRchurchill.ht
m
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Population: 170 million (dropped during
communist revolution)
1917: Due to social upheaval during WWI, the
Bolshevik Revolution overthrows the Tsar
(monarch) in a civil war and establishes a
Communist government
› Form of government: totalitarian communist
dictatorship
› Vladimir Lenin first leader (dictator) dies 1924
1924: Joseph Stalin (man of steel) takes over
› “General Secretary of the Central Committee
of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union”
aka dictator
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Focused on creating a model communist state
Goals: agricultural and industrial growth
› replaced private farms with “collectives” large
government owned farms worked by hundreds
of families
› In 1928 he started the first “5 year plan”
 Put all economic activity under government
control
 by 1937 USSR was the 2nd largest industrial
power
http://gulaghistory.org/nps/onlineexhibit/stalin/
http://necrometrics.com/20c5m.htm
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Used the army and police to crush
opposition
Great Purge (1930s): arrested or killed
anyone who threatened his power
Some were murdered or died by hard
labor in work camps called “gulags”
(Glavnoye Upravleniye Lagere) many
located in Siberia
Safe estimate killed 20-25 million killed:
› 7 million destroying the peasantry
died in famines caused by the
restructuring of farms
› 12 million in labor camps
› 1 million executed
› Unknown # at the time
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1931
“The USSR is the
crack brigade of the
world proletariat”
Huge collection of posters at:
http://www.iisg.nl/exhibitions/chairman
/sovintro.php
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Population: 40 million
Unemployment, inflation, depression of 1930s led to strikes
and instability
› Middle/ upper class felt threatened by angry lower class
and wanted stronger leaders
To rise to power, Benito Mussolini (“Il Duce” the leader) used:
› Support by government officials, police, private army
› fear of economic collapse
› threat of communism in Italy
› Extreme nationalism (claimed he’d recreate Roman
Empire)
› Private newspaper "Il Popolo d'Italia” to spread
propaganda
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Created Fascist Party in 1921:
› Fascism: a militarydominated government
with a single strong leader
that controls all aspects of
society; stresses
nationalism and the needs
of state above individual.
Became a member of
parliament in 1921
1922: Mussolini led a private army called “Blackshirts”
(WWI veterans) in a march on Rome
› king appointed him prime minister and granted him
emergency dictatorial powers for “one year”
› Passed Acerbo Law: party that won the next election
would receive 2/3 of seats in parliament.
 Of course, Fascists won 60% of the votes.
 Form of government: totalitarian dictator. Though Italy
had a king, he did not lead the government.
› Set up a secret police force, the OVRA, and built
concentration camps on the Lipari Islands for political
opponents.
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Begins re-arming
for war
› Invades Africa
› Supports
Francisco Franco
in Spain
Introduction: "the first book of
Fascism is a manual accessible to
all to make known our Revolution,
the Party, the Regime, and
Mussolini's State."
 A short history of Fascism followed
by questions and answers about
Mussolini, the Fascist revolution,
the party, the army, and the
defense of Italian purity.
› The chapter on "the defense of
the race" excludes Jews from
being pure Italian and explains
government measures taken
against them.
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1938: racial laws
against Italian
Jews
› Only about forty
thousand in Italy,
but they were
attacked
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Barred them from studying or
teaching in a school of
higher learning
Revoked citizenship of all
foreign Jews obtained after
January, 1919 and decreeing
their expulsion within six
months.
Prohibit marriages between
Jews and Aryans
Exclusion of Jews from
military and civil positions.

Italian War Poster
"The Italian Woman is
Willing to Make
Sacrifices for the
Fighting Men"
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Population 68+ million
End of WWI and start of worldwide
Depression:
› 6 million unemployed
› skyrocketing inflation (1 million
marks = 1 US dollar)
Adolph Hitler “Der Fuhrer” (the
leader)
› National Socialist German
Workers’ Party (Nazi) that
formed after WW1
By 1923 his private army the
brown shirts (SA short for
Sturmabteilung) aka storm
troopers reached 15,000
members; by 1933 it had 400,000.
1927: Hitler was prohibited from
speaking in most of Germany.
 “Who is Adolf Hitler? The man from
the people, for the people! The
German front soldier who risked his
life in 48 battles for Germany!
 What does Adolf Hitler want?
Freedom and food for every
decent working German! The
gallows for profiteers, black
marketeers and exploiters,
regardless of religious faith or race!
 Why is Adolf Hitler not allowed to
speak? Because he is ruthless in
uncovering the rulers of the
German economy, the
international bank Jews and their
lackeys, the Democrats, Marxists,
Jesuits, and Free Masons! Because
he wants to free the workers from
the domination of big money!
Working Germans! Demand the
lifting of the illegal ban on his
speaking!
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His book Mein Kampf (1925):
outlined the 3 basic beliefs:
› Nazism based on extreme
nationalism = attempt to
unite German-speaking
people in an empire
› Called for national
expansion to meet the need
for “lebensraum” or living
space (though they didn’t
really need it)
› Enforce racial “purity” –
thought Germans were
meant to rule whereas non
“Aryans” (non whites, Jews)
were meant to serve

Presidential election held on March 13, 1932 results:
› Hindenburg 49.6 % (winner)
› Hitler 30.1%
› Thaelmann 13.2 %
› Duesterberg 6.8 %
The caption on top translates
as: “We are voting for
Hindenburg!” The pictures
are of a variety of Jewish
socialists and communists,
 The caption beneath: “Look
at these faces and you’ll
know where you belong!”
The pictures are of leading
Nazis.

Even though Hitler had badly lost the presidential
election, he was drawing ever-larger crowds during the
congressional election
 In one day, July 27, he spoke to 60,000 in Brandenburg,
and to 120,000 in Grunewald Stadium in Berlin while an
additional 100,000 heard him loudspeaker.
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Hitler had lost as president but was then elected
into parliament and then named chancellor (prime
minister)

NAZI party won 230 seats in the Reichstag, making it
Germany’s largest political party, but not a majority
› On the basis of that victory, Hitler demanded that President
Hindenburg appoint him chancellor
Used a “mysterious” fire in the
capital building on Feb 27,
1933 to shut down the
democratic Weimar Republic;
blamed a Communist plot
› Hitler is given emergency
powers
 President von Hindenburg died
in 1934 after which Hitler
combined the position of
president and chancellor into
one job as Fuhrer
› Established Third Reich (the
Third Empire) and claimed
dictatorial powers
› Nazi storm troopers attack
and crushed all political
opposition

Two weeks after the Reichstag fire, Parliament
voted 441 for and 84 against, giving Hitler the
power to suspend the German constitution.
 March 1933, Enabling Bill banned the Communist
and other political parties from taking part in future
elections.
 April 1933, Nazi officials being put in charge of all
local government in the provinces
 May 1933, unions abolished
 July 1933, law passed making the Nazi Party the
only legal political party
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Population: 70+ million
Constitutional monarchy with
emperor Hirohito
1931 Expansionism: motivated
by the desire for land and to
reduce the influence of Western
countries in Asia, Japan seized
Manchuria in northeastern
China
› Created a “puppet state”
that was really ruled by
Japan
› Manchuria was mineral-rich
& twice the size of Texas
› League of Nations condemns
the act but takes no action;
so Japan quits the league.
(Germany quit soon after)

1926 through mid-1930s
› The depression ended partly because of
government deficits used to expand heavy
industry and the military
 Many of the young soldiers came from the
rural areas, where the effects of the depression
were devastating
http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/japan/japanworkbook/moder
nhist/wwii.html

From 1937 Japan was in a state
of “total war” with China and
the military was able to force
their policies on the government
and the people
› 1941: Tojo appointed prime
minister
 Extreme right-wing views
 Supporter of Nazi Germany.
 Used fears of Communism
because Japan is so close to
Russia and communism was
spreading in China
 Controlled public opinion
through schools and
textbooks, the media and the
police
Japanese Racial Ideology
Believed that it was Japan’s destiny was to be the
‘leading race’ in the Asian world
 Claimed to be acting to liberate Asian people from
the control of western imperial powers

› Social Darwinism introduced to Japan in 1878
 Bloodlines became the definition “purity”
 physical characteristics such as blood type, skin color,
hair texture were used as evidence
› “Emperor worship”
 Japanese royal family believed to have an unbroken
bloodline for at least 1500 years = “pure”
 Seen as top religious leader, the emperor was
considered “divine”
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http://artsci.wustl.edu/~copeland/ainu.html
http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2135.html
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1936, General Francisco Franco
rebelled against Spanish Republic
› Spanish Civil War began
› 500,000 killed
Hitler, Mussolini backed Franco
Stalin aided opposition
Western democracies remained
neutral
War led to Rome-Berlin Axis—
alliance between Italy and
Germany
1939, Franco wins war, becomes
fascist dictator

Dr Seuss Cartoons