Download Animal Basics, Vertebrates, and Invertebrates

Animal Basics, Invertebrates,
and Vertebrates
Part 1: Animal Basics
Characteristics Shared by All Animals
• Multicellular with specialized cells
• Eukaryotic cells with no cell wall or chloroplasts
• Heterotrophs by ingestion (digest food inside
their bodies)
• Bodies are made of diploid cells (gametes are the
only haploid cells)
• Glucose stored as glycogen (a polysaccharide only
found in animals)
• Most are mobile at some point in their life cycle
Early Development
• Diploid zygote (formed by fertilization of egg by sperm)
divides by mitosis several times to form a blastula (a
hollow ball of cells)
• Gastrulation = one side of ball folds in ; this creates a
new shape called the gastrula and forms the early
tissue layers (germ layers)
• Diploblastic organisms have two germ layers and
Triploblastic organisms have three germ layers
Germ Layers in Triploblastic Organisms
• Endoderm- forms lining of digestive tract,
digestive (LIVER, PANCREAS) & respiratory
organs (LUNGS)
• Mesoderm- forms muscle, skeletal, circulatory,
excretory, reproductive systems
• Ectoderm- forms outer covering ( epidermis)
brain, central nervous system
Patterns of Development (during and
after gastrulation) in Certain Animal
Groups
Protostomes
Deuterostomes
Spiral Cleavage = when mitosis
occurs to create new cells, the cells
appear to twist
Radial Cleavage = when mitosis
occurs to create new cells, the cells
appear to stack on top of each other
Determinate Cleavage = the “fate”
(intended function) of each cell is
decided / determined early (If you
were to remove one cell, it could
not develop into a full embryo)
Indeterminate Cleavage = each cell
created during early cleavage has an
undetermined fate and could
develop into a full embryo if
removed
Hole/fold (blastopore) created
during gastrulation becomes the
mouth of the organism
Hole/fold (blastopore) created
during gastrulation becomes the
anus of the organism
Examples: All triploblastic organisms Examples: Echinodorms and
except echinoderms and chordates chordates
Body Cavity
• A fluid-filled space to separate the digestive
tract from the body wall.
• Provides cushioning
• A true coelem (eucoelom) is fully lined along
the body wall and digestive tract with
mesoderm tissue
• For three variations on body cavities (see next
slide)
Three Variations on Body Cavities
Acoelomate
Pseudocoelomate
Coelomate
No cavity between
body wall and
digestive tract ;
complete filled with
mesoderm tissue
Example: Flatworms
(Platyhelminthes)
Cavity present but
mesoderm lines only
the body wall (not
the digestive tract)
Cavity present and
mesoderm lines the
body wall and
digestive tract
Example:
Roundworms
(Nematodes)
Example: Segmented
Worms (Annelids)
and all other
triploblasts
Body Symmetry
Asymmetry
Radial Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry
Cannot cut down any
line/plane and see
identical pieces on each
side
Can cut down SEVERAL
planes and see identical
pieces on each side
Can cut down ONE plane
and see identical pieces
on each side
Example: Porifera
Example: Most animals
(includes vertebrates,
arthropods, etc.)
Example: Cnidarians (ex:
jellyfish) and mature
Echinoderms (ex: starfish)
Cephalization
• Concentration of sensory organs / neurons and
the “brain” (if present) in the anterior (front)
region of the body
• Allows for: directed movement, quick sensing of
stimuli and response
• Found in bilaterally-symmetric organisms
Part 2: The Nine Animal Phyla (mostly
invertebrates)
Creating Your Animal Phyla Chart
• Create a column for each of the basic animal
traits: Germ Layers, Coelom, Pattern of
Development, Symmetry, Cephalization
• Create a column for major body structures
(this should be large)
• Create a column for example organisms
Porifera: Basic Traits
Germ Layers
None
Coelom
Acoelomate
Development
N/A
Symmetry
Asymmetrical
Cephalization
No
Porifera: Specifics
Major Body Structures
Example Organism
-Specialized cells with flagella called “choanocytes” Sponge
filter water to feed on tiny organisms
-Specilazed cells called amoebocytes digest the tiny
organisms
-Water exits sponge through an opening called the
“osculum”
-Sponge wall contains skeletal needles made of
calcium carbonate for protection
Cnidaria: Basic Traits
Germ Layers
Diploblast
Coelom
Acoelomate
Development
N/A
Symmetry
Radial
Cephalization
No
Cnidaria: Specifics
Major Body Structures
Example Organism
-Two body forms at different points in the life cycle Jelly fish
(medusa = free floating, umbrella-shaped with
Hydra
tentacles pointing down ; polyp = non-moving,
attached to ground, tentacles point up)
-Stinging cells called nematocysts found on
tentacles
Platyhelminthes: Basic Traits
Germ Layers
Triploblast
Coelom
Acoelomate
Development
Protostome
Symmetry
Bilateral
Cephalization
Yes
Platyhelminthes: Specifics
Major Body Structures
-Only one opening to digestive tract (serves as
mouth AND anus, yuck!) or none (if a parasite, they
just absorb pre-digested food around them)
-Open circulation of fluids
-Planaria are cephalized with ganglia (a
concentration of nerve cells) and eyespots in the
front of the body
Example Organism
Tapeworms
Flukes
Planaria
(Flatworms)
Nematoda: Basic Traits
Germ
Layers
Triploblast
Coelom
Development
Pseudocoelomate Protostome
Symmetry
Bilateral
Cephalization
Yes
Nematoda: Specifics
Major Body Structures
-Complete digestive tract with two openings
(mouth and anus)
-mostly free-living in the soil and act as
decomposers ; some parasites
Example Organism
Hookworms
Pinworms
(Roundworms)
Annelida: Basic Traits
Germ
Layers
Triploblast
Coelom
Eucoelomate
Development
Protostome
Symmetry
Bilateral
Cephalization
Yes
Annelida: Specifics
Major Body Structures
Example Organism
-Body is segmented
Earthworms
-Mostly hermaphrodites with a body segment called the
Leeches
“clitellum” containing sperm and eggs ; typically do not
(Segmented Worms)
fertilize themselves
-Five hearts and closed circulatory system (blood contained
in vessels
Mollusca: Basic Traits
Germ
Layers
Triploblast
Coelom
Eucoelomate
Development
Protostome
Symmetry
Bilateral
Cephalization
Yes
Mollusca: Specifics
Major Body Structures
-Most (with the exception of the cephalopods)
have a distinct shell
-3 main body parts:
•Foot – muscle for locomotion
•Mantle – secretes shell
•Visceral Mass – contains internal organs
-Most have an open circulatory system with fluid
(hemolymph) pumped from heart into body cavity
-Cephalopods have a closed circulatory system and
Example Organism
Gastropods (slugs,
snails)
Bivalves (clams)
Cephalopods (octopi,
squid)
Arthropoda: Basic Traits
Germ
Layers
Triploblast
Coelom
Eucoelomate
Development
Protostome
Symmetry
Bilateral
Cephalization
Yes
Arthropoda: Specifics
Major Body Structures
-segmented bodies (ex: head, thorax, and
abdomen of insects)
-exoskeleton (external skeleton) made of chitin
-jointed (bent) appendages (limbs) – ex: our arms
would be considered jointed due to our elbows
-open circulatory system
Example Organism
Crustaceans (crabs,
scorpions, spiders)
Insects
Centipedes
Millipedes
Echinodermata: Basic Traits
Germ
Layers
Triploblast
Coelom
Eucoelomate
Development
Deuterostome
Symmetry
Radial
Cephalization
No
Echinodermata: Specifics
Major Body Structures
-Spiny skin with a “calcium-plate” endoskeleton
-tube feet on the “ventral” (mouth) side use
suction for locomotion
-Have a complete digestive tract with mouth and
anus at the center of their bodies
Example Organism
Sea stars, brittle stars,
sea urchins
Chordata: Basic Traits
Germ
Layers
Triploblast
Coelom
Eucoelomate
Development
Deuterostome
Symmetry
Bilateral
Cephalization
Yes
Chordata: Specifics
Major Body Structures
Example Organism
4 Main Features (some are only temporary)
Fish, Amphibians,
-notochord (becomes the backbone, used for
Reptiles, Birds,
support)
Mammals
-dorsal hollow nerve cord (becomes the spinal cord
and brain)
-pharyngeal gill slits (only retained in fish after
embryonic development)
-muscular tail (may be lost during development)
Part 3: The Five Vertebrate Classes
Creating Your Vertebrate Classes Chart
• Create a column for each trait listed: gash
exchange, heart, excreting waste, ecto vs.
endoderm, and reproduction
• Create a column for major body structures
(this should be large)
• Create a column for example organisms
Fish: Basic Traits
Gas Exchange
Gills
Heart
Two
chambers
(one loop
circulation)
Excreting
Waste
Excrete
nitrogen
waste as
highly toxic
liquid
ammonia
Ecto vs.
Endotherm
Ectotherm
Reproduction
External
fertilization
(gametes
meet in water
outside the
body)
Fish: Specifics
Unique Body Structures and Functions
Example Organism
-Scales and fins
-Agnatha = jawless fish
-Chondrichthyes = endoskeleton of cartilage
-Osteichthyes = endoskeleton of bone
-Agnatha = lampreys, hagfish
-Chondrichthyes = sharks,
skates, rays
-Osteichthyes = tuna, swordfish,
almost all fish you know!
Amphibians: Basic Traits
Gas Exchange
Two Ways
(diffusion
through thin,
moist skin
and via lungs)
Heart
Three
chambers
(two-loop
circulation)
Excreting
Ecto vs.
Waste
Endotherm
Excrete
Ectotherm
nitrogen
waste as less
toxic urea
Reproduction
External
fertilization ;
lay eggs
without shells
Amphibians: Specifics
Unique Body Structures and Functions
-Aquatic larvae morphs into terrestrial adult
-First tetrapods (four-limbed) organisms
Example Organism
-Frogs, Toads,
Salamanders, Newts,
Reptiles: Basic Traits
Gas
Heart
Exchange
Lungs only Three
chambers
(two-loop
circulation)
Excreting Waste
Excrete
nitrogen waste
as thick, mildlytoxic uric acid
(minimizes
water loss)
Ecto vs.
Endotherm
Ectotherm
Reproduction
Internal
fertilization ;
lay amniotic
eggs
(oviparous)
with leathery
shells
Reptiles: Specifics
Unique Body Structures and Functions
-The first fully terrestrial vertebrate
-Thick scaly skin
Example Organism
-Lizards, snakes,
crocodiles, turtles
Aves (Birds): Basic Traits
Gas Exchange
Air sacs in
lungs for
more
efficient gas
exchange
Heart
Four
chamber
heart (twoloop
circulation)
Excreting
Ecto vs.
Waste
Endotherm
Excrete
Endotherm
nitrogen
waste as uric
acid
Reproduction
Internal
Fertilization ;
aminotic eggs
with hard
calcium shells
Aves (Birds): Specifics
Unique Body Structures and Functions
-Hollow, light bones and wings for flight
-Feathers for light-weight insulation and flight
-Excrete uric acid through a common urogenital /
digestive opening called the cloaca
Example Organism
Flamingos, sparrows,
toucans, eagles
Mammals: Basic Traits
Gas Exchange
Lungs
Heart
Four
chambers
(two-loop
circulation)
Excreting
Ecto vs.
Waste
Endotherm
Excrete
Endotherm
nitrogen
waste as urea
via urine AND
sweat!
Reproduction
Internal
fertilization
Mammals: Specifics
Unique Body Structures and
Functions
Example
Organism
-Excrete nitrogen waste as urea via
urine AND sweat!
-defining features of mammals: fur
for insulation and milk to nourish
young
-Three types based on reproduction:
•Placental mammals (offspring
develop in uterus until more
mature)
•Monotremes (egg-laying mammals)
•Marsupials (give birth to immature
young that fully develop in mother’s
external pouch)
Placental –
humans, bears,
dogs
Monotremes –
platypi, echidnas
Marsupials –
kangaroos,
koalas