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Greece
1. Greece is located in southern Europe.
 2. Greece is made up of at least 1400 islands; 160 of
those are permanently inhabited.
 3. Some better known Greek cities are: Athens, Sparta,
Rhodes, Corinth, Salamis, Tripoli, Argos, Thebes etc.
 4. Some famous people from ancient Greece are:
Archimedes, Homer, Alexander the Great, Socrates,
Pythagoras, Aristotle, Plato etc.
 5. The Trojan horse was used by the Greeks to sneak
into the walls of the city of Troy (Good idea!)
 6. The Greeks were polytheistic; many gods.
 7. The Olympics started in 776 BCE.
 8. Greek gods include: Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Hermes,
Hades, Athena, Ares, Apollo, Aphrodite etc

 Made
up of more
than 2000 islands.
 Three
major seas
surround Greece:
 Ionian
 Aegean
 Mediterranean
 Many
of the islands are
rocky and unsuitable
for agriculture.
 Less
than 20% farmed.
 Main
crops: figs,
olives, corn, grain.
 Sheep
and goats
 Most
people lived
within 70 km of the
coastline.
 Largest
island was
Crete, and is
where the first
Greek civilization
was established,
about 3000 BCE.
 1)
Few natural resources and little farmland.
 2)
City states therefore relied on the sea for
food and trade.
 3)
Mountains were protection from land
invasions.
 4)
Mountains also kept the city-states isolated
and often at war with each other.
 Ancient
Greece was never united under one
main government and leader.
 Use
page 129 in your textbook to label the
following places on your map: (25 marks)
 -Macedonia
-Thrace
-Asia Minor
 -Crete
-Peloponnese
-Aegean Sea
 -Ionian Sea -Mediterranean Sea
-Mycenae
 -Attica
-Sparta
-Knossos
-Ephesos
 -Troy
-Olympos
-Delphi
-Olympia
 -Athens
-Hellespont
-Salamis
 Color
your map according to the higher elevations
that are located in this area of the world. The
entire map should be colored.
 The
Greeks trace their
culture back to two
groups, the Minoans and
the Mycenaeans:
 The
Minoans were named
after the legendary King
Minos who had a large
palace at Knossos on the
island of Crete.
What
happened to the
Minoans?
A
volcano erupted on Thera and blasted the
island apart around 1450 BCE (page 134 of text)
 Sulfurus
gas altered the climate in Greece
 There
is evidence from tree rings and ice core
samples that the climate was damaged so much
that harvests failed repeatedly
 Mainland
Greeks (Mycenaeans) marched into
the power vacuum and took over
 The
Mycenaeans were
from the Peloponnesian
Peninsula and they
invaded and conquered
the Minoans on Crete.
Their most famous king
was Agamemnon.
 Mycenaean
video
 Story
of Troy
 Mycenaeans,
Trojan War etc
 Homer:
great Greek poet
 Wrote
the epics The Iliad
and The Odyssey
 These
told the story of
the Trojan War between
the Mycenaeans and the
Trojans.
 Did
it really happen?
 Began
with the decline of the
Mycenaeans.
 Greeks
divided themselves into three
main groups:
A) Dorians
B) Ionians
C) Aeolians
 Dorians
used iron weapons and were
fierce warriors. They were able to
conquer much of Greece.
 This
period is known as the Dark Ages because the
Dorians were not interested in:
 A)
maintaining the Greek culture
 B) writing down their history
 C) maintaining their farming communities
 They
were interested in a
Military type of existence.
 Famine
occurred
and caused a
severe drop in the
population.
 Sparta
was
developed as the
main city-state of
the Dorians.
 To
survive, other Greek communities
developed into a ‘polis’.
 As
the population grew and people
needed to spread out, they also
developed ‘apoikai’ for survival.
 (You
will define both of these terms soon)
1. Why do historians call the years from 1100 BCE to
800 BCE the Dark Ages?
 2. What did mainland Greeks do to avoid the invading
Dorians?
 3. What things were ‘lost’ due to the invading Dorians?
 4. What is a polis?
 5. a) How large was a polis?
b) What were two exceptions to this size?
 6. Why did the Greeks need to find additional land by
the middle of the 8th century BCE?
 7. What is an apoikai and where were many located
around the Mediterranean?
 8. List 5 important developments by the Greeks as a
result of this period of colonization.

 Two
main city-states:
-Athens and Sparta
 Athens
: men aged 20-50
must fight if needed.
 Sparta
: all men fought, no
matter their age.
 Soldiers
were called hoplites.
 Helmet:
bronze, tall
crest of horsehair.
 Body
armour: leather or
bronze (iron too heavy),
shin plates
 Shield:
usually wood
with bronze; family
crest painted on it.
 Greek
ships were called
triremes.
 Up
to 170 oarsmen, who
were usually slaves.
 Pointed
hull (front end)
made of bronze or iron in
order to ram enemy ships.
 ‘Scary’
designs
 16
rows of heavily armed foot soldiers.
 4.5 meter long lances.
 During battle, lance was lowered forward in the
front.
 Shields were used to protect the left side.
 Were
a series of conflicts
between several Greek
city-states and the Persian
Empire.
 Not
all Greek city states
fought against the Persians;
some were neutral and
others allied with Persia,
especially as its massive
armies approached.
Greek
city-states in Asia Minor came
under the control of the Persians.
The
Persian rulers were tyrants who
made the Greek citizens serve in the
Persian Army and pay high taxes.
Rebellion
occurred and a Persian
leader asked for help from the Greek
Mainland city-states.
Sparta
was asked 1st and said ‘No’.
Athens
gave 20 triremes and joined the
revolt.
After
a few years, Athens lost interest
and went home.
Persia
never forgot and their leader
Darius vowed vengeance.
In
490 BCE, something big happened…
 Find
the following information for each of
the three battles/wars:
 1.
When the battle happened.
 2.
Where the battle took place.
 3.
Who fought in the battle.
(leaders of each side)
 4.
What happened. (At least 3 details)
 5.
The final outcome(s) of the battle.
 Ancient
 Part
 1.
2
Warriors: The Spartans
Part 3:
Who were the Helots?
 2.
What happened to newborns who did
not pass inspection by elders?
 3.
What does the name Thermopylae
stand for?
 4.
How were the Persians able to gain an
advantage in the battle of Thermopylae?
 5.

Why was Aristademis dishonored?
Deadliest Warriors: Spartans vs Ninjas (2:30-3:40)
 Happened
in 490 BCE
 Leaders:
Militades (Athens) and Darius (Persia)
 Met
on the plains of Marathon.
 The
first ‘marathon’ was run by
Phedippedes. (see story)
 Persians
placed best troops in center, Greeks
put best on their wings.
 Surprise
attacks caused the Persians to lose
thousands; the Athenians only 192.
 Athenians
had a glorious victory.
 Happened
in 480 BCE
 Leaders:
 Xerxes
(New Persian King) and Leonidas (Leader
of 300 Spartans, and the other Greeks by default).
 Xerxes
brought 1200 ships and 170 000 hoplites.
 Greeks
had 200 triremes and 7 000 hoplites.
 Greek
traitor helped the Persians.
 Leonidas
 Athens
and all of his 300 Spartans died.
left vulnerable; Greeks fled to Salamis.
“Passerby, tell Sparta that her soldiers aren’t
missing in action; they made their last stand
here and died.” (rhymes in Greek)
 Happened
in 480 BCE
 Leaders:
 Themistocles
 Happened
(Greek) and Xerxes (Persian)
in narrow waters of Salamis.
 Greeks not killed at Thermopylae escaped to
the Island of Salamis.
 Persians were tricked to believe the Greeks
would try to escape.
 The battle became a great Greek victory and
the Persians retreated back to Persia.
 End
of Persian wars led to the greatest
age in ancient Greek history
 480-380
BCE showed great achievements,
mostly from Athens (became prosperous
city and cultural center)
 Time
of great thinkers, poets and artists
 Formed
to protect Greek states against
further attacks from the Persians
 Athens
led the league because it had the
most democratic government
 Member
states contributed men, as well as
ships or money to a common defence fund
 Athens
used money collected to build ships
 Member
states could not withdraw without
the consent of all other states
 A)
Athens tried to expand into Spartan territory
 B)
Athens used its power to block the trade of
some cities at ports which it controlled
 C)
Some of the states in the Delian league
asked Sparta for help in dealing with the
oppressive Athenians
 This
would lead to a war between the two
states…….
Athens
was ruled by a democratic
government and had a supreme navy
Sparta
was ruled by an oligarchy (a
small group) of rich and powerful
men and had a supreme army
Both
wanted to control all of Greece
It’s
a long and
complicated
story but the
Spartans
eventually
defeated Athens
with the help of
the Persians.
 Athens
vs Sparta (Part1)
 Athens vs Sparta (Part 2)
While
Athens was the most powerful
city-state, it wanted to spread its
form of government throughout the
empire.
Athens
developed the world’s first
democracy over time, with the
changes made by several rulers:
 Athenian
leader who created
legal rights for all citizens
(common people as well as
the wealthy were
protected).
 Distinguished
between minor
and major crimes (different
punishments)
 He
preferred harsh
punishments however; death
was most common.
 The
only Draconian law
that still exists today
is one for homicide.
 He
distinguished
between murder and
manslaughter.
 Punishment
for murder
was death; for
manslaughter you
could be banished.
 Athenian
leader who gave
common citizens the right to
hold political office.
 Set
up councils where
hundreds of citizens had a
vote in government.
 Freed
farmers who had been
sold into slavery due to their
debt.
 The
greatest innovation
of Greek laws was the
jury.
 Greek
trials were held in
town squares and had
juries from 201 to 1501
members.
 Jurors
‘cast their votes’
by throwing bronze disks.
 Disks
were solid for
innocent; hollow for
guilty.
 Athens:
 Brain
The Truth about Democracy
Pop: Athens
Free Space
 Epic
 Mediterranean
 Barbarians
 Crete
 Minoan
 Dorians
 Helots
 city-state
 Homer
 Democracy
 Polis
 Trireme
 Peloponnesus
 Phalanx
 Mycenaeans
 Agamemnon
 Troy
 Xerxes
 Leonidas
 Dark
ages
 Apoikai
 Hoplites
 Marathon
 Thermopylae
 Salamis
 Classical
Greece
 Delian League
 Draco
 Solon
 Grammatikos
 Pedagogue
 Pythagorus
 Hippocrates
 Alexander
 Macedonia
 Agora
1. Briefly summarize the Greek myth which explains how
the Olympic games originated.
2. Who could participate(compete) in the Olympic games?
3. What was the punishment for a married woman if she
tried to watch the games?
4. How long did the games last?
5. What were the winners rewarded?
6. Did all children receive a formal education in
ancient Greece? Explain.
7. What is a grammatikos?
8. What is a pedagogue?
9. Unless you have already done so in questions 7 and
8, explain the purpose of each of these two things.
10. In what ways were the lives of the women in
Sparta different than the lives of women in the
rest of ancient Greece?
11. Who was the most famous Greek mathematician?
12. What is he most remembered for?
13. Who are two other important mathematicians?
14. What did these other mathematicians create?
15. Who was Hippocrates?
16. What are some reasons why he is a famous
doctor?
17. What advancements did the Greeks make in the
field of astronomy?
 Alexander
was a prince;
the son of King Phillip of
Macedonia.
 Born in Macedonia in 356
BCE.
 Macedonia was not a
Greek city-state, it was
a huge country north of
Greece which had
previously conquered
and absorbed several
Greek city states into its
empire.
 Alexander
had Greek teachers, one of
which was Aristotle.
 He
spoke Greek and knew Greek history.
 He
believed in the Greek gods and his
mother told him he was a descendant of
Achilles.
 At
age 20, his father was murdered and
he became the leader of Macedonia.
 He
immediately had possible rivals for his
position murdered.
 He
put down threats of rebellions by city
states by making an example of Thebes.
 He
completely destroyed the city, except
for the temples. 6000 citizens were
executed; the rest were sold into slavery.
 He
then set out to expand the empire
and conquer the world as his father had
begun before him.
He
brought an army of 30 000 foot
soldiers and 5 000 cavalrymen.
•He also took
engineers,
surveyors,
architects,
scientists and
even
historians.
 Everywhere
he went, he introduced the newly
conquered people to Greek literature, myth,
dance, language, money, medicine, art, and
theatre.
-He allowed
conquered
people to
run their
own country
as long as
they
adopted
Greek
culture.
 Died
at 32, probably of
malaria or typhoid, but
maybe he was poisoned.
 Had
conquered Asia
Minor, Central Asia,
Egypt, Persia,
Mesopotamia, and India.
 70
cities named after
him.
 Upon
his death, his
empire collapsed.
1. Read some examples of Greek Myths:
 (Prometheus, Pandora, Narcissus, King Midas)

2. Elements of Greek Myths:
 A) Explain origin of natural phenomenon
 B) Good vs evil characters
 C) Teaches a moral (lesson)
 D) A hero’s quest to accomplish a great feat
 E) Mortal vs immortal characters (Gods)


3. Brainstorm a list of natural phenomenon, a moral
to be learned, a great feat to be accomplished

4. Background Information about Greek Gods
(Handout)

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Zeus: -King of all the gods. -Often shown holding a thunderbolt -brother of Hades
and Poseidon- was angry and feared by mortals and gods
Poseidon: -God of the sea, storms and was often referred to as the Earth Shaker
(Earth Quakes) -Shown holding a trident (a spear with three raised points ) and
riding in a chariot pulled by horses that can run on water.-Brother of Zeus and
Hades
Hades: -God of the underworld, and ruler and judge of the recently departedShown wearing the Helm of Darkness (a helmet that allows the wearer to become
invisible)-Brother to Zeus and Poseidon
Hera -Goddess of Marriage and Child Birth -The Cow and Peacock were symbols that
were holy to her -She was often shown as jealous and vengeful -She is Zeus’ wife
Ares: -God of War and Blood Thirst -Son of Hera and Zeus -He was believed to be
the cause of every conflict, battle and war in Ancient Greece.
Apollo and Artemis: -Twins, the children of Zeus -Apollo was god of light and the
sun; truth and prophecy; medicine, healing, and plague; music, poetry, and the
arts. -Artemis was the goddess of the hunt the wilderness and childbirth -Apollo’s
symbol was the sun -Artemis’ symbol was that of the bow and arrow.
Athena: - Zeus' daughter -symbols were an olive and an owl - goddess of wisdom
and warfare
Hermes : naughty, mischievous child - the messenger of the gods- invented the
alphabet and mathematics.
Dionysus : god of wine and feasting
Aphrodite: goddess of love and beauty- mother of Eros- Wife of Hephaestus (God
Of Fire)
Hephaestus: God of Fire-Husband to Aphrodite-Forger of Zeus’ Thunderbolt
 Use
at least one of the Greek Gods
 Use
at least one of the other elements of
Greek myths (natural phenomenon, moral,
great feat, good vs evil)
 Story
of at least one full page
 Colored
(story)
 Title
illustration to go with your myth
page
 Proper
spelling, grammar etc
 Neatly
done work
 Brain
Pop: Greek Gods
 Brain
Pop: Seven Ancient Wonders of the
World
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Geography of Greece
Effect of geography on
civilization in Greece
First civilizations: Minoans
and Mycenaeans
Disappearance of the
Minoans
Trojan War
Homer and Iliad and Odyssey
Dark Ages (events and
effects)
The rise of the Dorians and
Sparta
Polis and apoikai
Dark Ages questions
assignment

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Greeks in battle (hoplites,
triremes, phalanx)
Persian Wars (Background
and battles)
Classical Greece
Delian League
Athens vs Sparta tensions
Peloponnesian War
Unit questions assignment
(Olympics, everyday life,
science etc)
Greek Laws and justice
Draco and Solon
Juries and trials
Alexander the Great (life and
accomplishments)
Find the information and fill in the chart below:
Art Work:
Trade products
and partners:
Construction
(buildings etc):
Religious/burial
practices:
Types of
communication:
Great authors
and writers:
Reason for their
disappearance
Art Work:
Wall paintings (frescos) (131)
Trade products
and partners:
Construction
(buildings etc):
Light wells or shafts to create a brighter, more open
atmosphere, indoor plumbing, (131)-Vertical burial
shafts, then beehive shaped vaults called tholos tombs
(137-8)
Religious/burial
practices:
Bull was sacred to them, mother goddess (goddess of
fertility) worshipped as well. (131)
Types of
communication:
Great authors
and writers:
Homer
Reason for their Minoans-eruption of volcano, invaders from Greek
disappearance mainland. (132) Mycenaeans-civil wars, outside invasion,
drought, famine, disease (pg 138).

There are two versions of the battle of Salamis found in
your textbook on page 143.

Choose one of these accounts (Greek or Persian), then:

Pretend that you were an eyewitness to the battle of
Salamis. Write a newspaper story for either the Persian
National News or the Greek National News-your choice.
Your article must include:
 A) A title
 B) Review of events leading up to the battle
 C) Description of the battle
 D) Outcome of the battle
 E) Any other important information
 F) 1 page minimum
