Download 1. Renaissance - Mr. Darbys

Recovery and Rebirth: Chapter 12 The Age of the Renaissance
Name___________________________________Date__________Period__________Score_____
Focus Questions
In this chapter, students will focus on:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The characteristics that distinguish the Renaissance from the Middle Ages
The major social changes that occurred in the Renaissance
The works of Machiavelli, and how they reflected the political realities of Renaissance Italy
The chief characteristics of Humanism
The chief characteristics of Renaissance art in Italy
The “new monarchies” or “Renaissance states” of the late 15th century
The policies of the Renaissance popes, and the impact these policies had on the Catholic church
How Renaissance art, and the Humanist movement, reflected the political, economic, and social
developments of the period
Lecture Outline
I.
Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance
A.
Renaissance = Rebirth
B.
Jacob Burkhardt
1.
Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860)
C.
Urban Society
D.
Age of Recovery
E.
Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture
F.
Emphasis on individual ability
II. The Making of Renaissance Society
A.
Economic Recovery
1.
Italian cities lose economic supremacy
2.
Hanseatic League
3.
Manufacturing
a.
Textiles, printing, mining and metallurgy
4.
Banking
a.
Florence and the Medici
III. Social Changes in the Renaissance
A.
The Nobility
1.
Reconstruction of the aristocracy
2.
Aristocracy: 2-3 percent of the population
B.
Baldassare Castiglione (1478-1529)
1.
The Book of the Courtier (1528)
2.
Service to the prince
1
IV. Peasants and Townspeople
A.
Peasants
1.
Peasants: 85-90 percent of population
2.
Decline of manorial system and serfdom
B.
Urban Society
1.
Patricians
2.
Petty burglers, shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, and guildsmen
3.
The poor and unemployed
4.
Slaves
V. Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy
A.
Husbands and Wives
1.
Arranged Marriages
2.
Husband head of household
3.
Wife managed household
B.
Children
1.
Childbirth
C.
Sexual Norms
VI. The Italian States in the Renaissance
A.
Five Major Powers
1.
Milan
2.
Venice
3.
Florence
a.
The Medici
4.
The Papal States
5.
Kingdom of Naples
B.
Independent City-States
1.
Mantua
2.
Ferrara
3.
Urbino
C.
The Role of Women
D.
Warfare in Italy
1.
Struggle between France and Spain
2.
Invasion and division
VII. The Birth of Modern Diplomacy
A.
Modern diplomacy of a product of Renaissance Italy
B.
Changing concept of the ambassador
1.
Resident ambassador
2.
Agents of the territorial state
VIII. Machiavelli and the New Statecraft
A.
Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527)
1.
The Prince
2.
Acquisition, maintenance and expansion of political power
3.
Cesare Borgia
IX. Italian Renaissance Humanism
A.
Classical Revival
B.
Petrarch (1304-1374)
2
C.
Humanism in Fifteenth-Century Italy
1.
Leonard Bruni (1370-1444)
a.
New Cicero
2.
Lorenzo Valla (1407-1457)
D.
Humanism and Philosophy
1.
Marsilio Ficino (143301499)
a.
Translates Plato’s dialogues
b.
Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism
E.
Renaissance Hermeticism
1.
Ficino, Coropus Hermeticum
2.
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494), Oration on the Dignity of Man
X. Education, History, and the Impact of Printing
A.
Education in the Renaissance
1.
Liberal Studies: history, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters
(grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy and music
2.
Education of women
3.
Aim of education was to create a complete citizen
B.
Humanism and History
1.
Secularization
2.
Guicciardini (1483-1540), History of Italy, History of Florence
C.
The Impact of Printing
1.
Johannes Gutenberg
a.
Movable type (1445-1450)
b.
Gutenberg’s Bible (1455 or 1456)
2.
The spread of printing
XI. Art in the Early Renaissance
A.
Masaccio (1401-1428)
B.
Perspective and Organization
C.
Movement and Anatomical Structure
D.
Paolo Uccelo (1397-1475)
1.
The Martyrdom of Saint Sebastian
E.
Sandro Botticelli (1445-1510)
1.
Primavera
F.
Donato di Donatello (1386-1466)
1.
David
G.
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)
1.
The Cathedral of Florence
2.
Church of San Lorenzo
XII. The Artistic High Renaissance
A.
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
1.
Last Supper
B.
Raphael (1483-1520)
1.
School of Athens
C.
Michelangelo (1475-1564)
1.
The Sistine Chapel
XIII. The Artist and Social Status
A.
Early Renaissance
1.
Artists as craftsmen
3
B.
High Renaissance
2.
Artists as heroes
XIV. The Northern Artistic Renaissance
A.
Jan van Eyck (c. 1380-1441)
1.
Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride
B.
Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)
1.
Adoration of the Magi
XV. Music in the Renaissance
A.
Burgundy
B.
Guillaume Dufay (c. 1400-1474)
C.
The Renaissance Madrigal
XVI. The European State in the Renaissance
A.
The Renaissance State in Western Europe
1.
France
a.
Louis XI the Spider King (1461-1483)
2.
England
a.
War of the Roses
b.
Henry VII Tudor (1485-1509)
3.
Spain
a.
Unification of Castile and Aragon
b.
Establishment of professional royal army
c.
Religious uniformity
d.
The Inquisition
e.
Conquest of Granada
f.
Expulsion of the Jews
XVII. Central, Eastern, and Ottoman Empires
A.
Central Europe: The Holy Roman Empire
1.
Habsburg Dynasty
2.
Maximilian I (1494-1519)
B.
The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe
1.
Poland
2.
Hungary
3.
Russia
C.
The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire
1.
Seljuk Turks spread into Byzantine territory
2.
Constantinople falls to the Turks (1453)
XVIII. The Church in the Renaissance
A. The Problems of Heresy and Reform
1.
John Wycliff (c. 1328-1384) and Lollardy
2.
John Hus (1374-1415)
a.
Urged the elimination of worldliness and corruption of the clergy
b.
Burned at the stake (1415)
3.
Church Councils
4.
The Papacy
B. The Renaissance Papacy
1.
Julius II (1503-1513)
3. Patrons of Culture
a.
“Warrior Pope”
a. Leo X (1513-1521)
2.
Nepotism
4
CHAPTER 12 SUMMARY
Michelangelo
Beginning in Italy, the Renaissance (or “rebirth”) was an era that rediscovered the culture of
ancient Greece and Rome. It was also a time of recovery from the fourteenth century. The Renaissance
had a more secular and individualistic ethos than medieval society. It might best be seen as
evolutionary in its urban and commercial continuity from the High Middle Ages. In the North Sea, the
Hanseatic League competed with the merchants from the Mediterranean, where the Venetians had a
commercial empire. In Florence, profits from the woolen industry were invested in banking.
The aristocracy remained the ruling class, its ideals explicated in Castiglione’s The Book of the
Courtier. Peasants were still the vast majority, but serfdom and manorialism were dying out. An
important minority were the inhabitants of towns and cities, with merchants and bankers at the apex
and the unskilled workers at the bottom. The father or husband as a dictator dominated the extended
family, and marriages were arranged for social and economic advantage. Wives were much younger
than their husbands, with their primary function being to bear children; the mortality rate in childbirth
and for infants and young children remained high.
Italy was dominated by five major states: the duchy of Milan, Florence, Venice, the Papal States,
and the Kingdom of Naples. There were also other city-states that were centers of culture and where
women played vital roles. At the end of the fifteenth century, Spain and France invaded the divided
peninsula. The concept of the new statecraft was exemplified in Niccolo Machiavelli’s (d. 1527), The
Prince, which described the methods of gaining and holding political power: moral concerns are
irrelevant, for the ends justify the means.
There was an increased emphasis upon the human. Among the influential humanists was
Petrarch (d. 1374) in his advocacy of classical Latin writers. Civic humanism proposed that the ideal
citizen was not only an intellectual but also a patriot, actively serving the state, and humanist education
was to produce individuals of virtue and wisdom. The printing press was perfected, mult6iplying the
availability of books. In art, the aim was to imitate nature by the use of realistic perspective. Masaccio
(d. 1428), Donatello (d. 1466) and Michelangelo (d. 1519) made Florence a focus of the arts. The High
Renaissance of Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci (d. 1519) and Raphael (d. 1520) combined natural
realism with Platonic idealism. The artisan might become a great artist, and thus transform his social
and economic status.
It was the era of the “new monarchies.” In France, Louis XI (d. 1483), the Spider, established a
centralized state. England’s Henry VII (d. 1509) limited the private armies of the aristocracy, raised
taxes, and left a more powerful monarchy In Spain, Isabella (d. 1504) and Ferdinand (d. 1516) created a
professional army and enforced religious uniformity by the conversion and expulsion of Jews and
Moslems. The Holy Roman Empire remained weak, but the Habsburg emperors created a strong state
of their own through numerous marriages. There were no “new monarchies” in eastern Europe, but
Russia’s Ivan III (d. 1505) ended Mongol control. Lastly, in 1453 the Ottoman Turks captured
Constantinople.
The church was besieged by problems. John Wycliff (d. 1384) and John Hus (d. 1415)
condemned the papacy for corruption, its temporal concerns, and demanded the Bible in the
vernacular. The popes reflected their era, and their secular involvements overshadowed their spiritual
responsibilities. Some preferred war and politics to prayer and piety, and others ignored their vows of
celibacy, ambitiously advancing their families over the needs of the faithful. Most were great patrons of
the arts, but religious concerns ranked behind the pleasures of this life.
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_______________________________________________________________________________
1400
1425
1450
1475
1500
1525
____________________________
________________
Civic humanism in Florence
War of Roses
__
Sack of Rome
_______Masaccio’s frescoes in Florence
__Marriage Ferdinand & Isabella
__Machiavelli’s
The Prince
____________________________
Rule of Cosimo de’ Medici in Florence
_____
Invention of printing with moveable type
__Fall of
Constantinople
___Castiglione’s
Book of
the Courtier
__Botticelli’s Primavera
_____Leonardo da Vinci’s Last Supper
____
Michelangelo’s Sistine
Chapel ceiling
Time Line Chapter 12
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ESSAY
1. In what ways was the Renaissance truly just a “rebirth,” a rehashing of old knowledge and
perspectives. To what extent was the Renaissance a series of original innovations?
ANS:
2. In what ways did the European world experience an economic recovery in the fifteenth
century? Did the revived economy differ greatly from what it had been?
ANS:
3. Discuss he major social changes of the Renaissance era. Were these changes actually a
rejection of medieval trends? Why or why not?
ANS:
4. Discuss the political development of Italy during the Renaissance. What new political
practices (statecraft) did the Italians contribute to Europe? How are these new political
practices reflected in the work of Machiavelli?
ANS:
5. Compare warfare in the Middle Ages with that of the Renaissance. Consider the differences
and the continuities, as regards to causes, aims, financing, and technology, as well as who
fought and for what motives.
ANS:
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6. Discuss Italian Renaissance humanism. What does the word humanism mean? Who were the
humanists? What were their goals? Did they achieve them?
ANS:
7. To what extent did Renaissance artists change society during their own lifetimes, and to what
extent were they merely mirrors of changes going on around them?
ANS:
8. What were the distinctive characteristics of the Renaissance artists? How does their art reflect
the political and social events of the period?
ANS:
9. What characterized the relationship between leading Renaissance figures and the aristocrats
and monarchs of Italy?
ANS:
10. Discuss the major characteristics of the Renaissance papacy. What impact did the policies of
the Renaissance popes have on the Catholic Church?
ANS:
11. What were the new ideologies in the Renaissance that possibly weakened the primacy of
religion? Of the Catholic Church?
ANS:
IDENTIFICATIONS
1. Renaissance
ANS:
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2. Jacob Burckhardt
ANS:
3. Leon Battista Alberti
ANS:
4. Hanseatic League
ANS:
5. House of Medici
ANS:
6. Castiglione’s Book of the Courtier
ANS:
7. condottieri
ANS:
8. Francesco Sforza
ANS:
9. Cosimo de’Medici
ANS:
10. the Papal States
ANS:
11. Isabella d’Este
ANS:
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12. Peace of Lodi and balance of power
ANS:
13. 1527 sack of Rome
ANS:
14. Machiavelli’s The Prince
ANS:
15. civic humanism
ANS:
16. Petrarch
ANS:
17. Leonardo Bruni’s The New Cicero
ANS:
18. Lorenzo Valla
ANS:
19. Marsilio Ficino and Neoplatonism
ANS:
20. Renaissance Hermeticism
ANS:
21. Pico della Mirandola’s Oration
ANS:
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22. “liberal studies”
ANS:
23. Francesco Guicciardini
ANS:
24. Johannes Gutenberg
ANS:
25. Masaccio
ANS:
26. Lorenzo the Magnificent
ANS:
27. Botticelli’s Primavera
ANS:
28. Donatello’s David
ANS:
29. Brunelleschi’s dome
ANS:
30. High Renaissance
ANS:
31. Leonardo da Vinci
ANS:
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32. Raphael
ANS:
33. Michelangelo
ANS:
34 Sistine Chapel’s David
ANS:
35. Bramante and Saint Peter’s
ANS:
36. Giorgio Vasari’s Lives of the Artists
ANS:
37. Northern Renaissance
ANS:
38. Jan van Eyck
ANS:
39. Albrecht Durer
ANS:
40. madrigals
ANS:
41. “new monarchies”
13
ANS:
42. Louis XI the Spider and Henry VII
ANS:
43. Ferdinand and Isabella
ANS:
44. Spanish Inquisition
ANS:
45. the Habsburgs
ANS:
46. Ivan III
ANS:
47. Constantinople and 1453
ANS:
48. John Wycliff and John Hus
ANS:
49. Pius II’s Execrabilis
ANS:
50. Renaissance popes
ANS:
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Isaiah 43:1 Fear not for I have redeemed you: I have called you by name and you are mine
Isaiah 43:3 For I am the Lord, your God, the Holy One of Israel, your savior
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Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 12
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
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Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 12
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
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Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 12
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
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Name ___________________________Period ___________Date___________ Chapter 12
AP European History
Questions & Ideas
Notes
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Critical Thinking Questions
Chapter 12
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Focus Questions and Answers European History Chapter 12
Name_________________________________________________Period______________Date_____________Score___________
FOCUS QUESTIONS
1. The characteristics that distinguish the Renaissance from the Middle Ages
21
2. The major social changes that occurred in the Renaissance
22
3. The works of Machiavelli, and how they reflected the political realities of Renaissance Italy
23
4. The chief characteristics of Humanism
24
5. The chief characteristics of Renaissance art in Italy
25
6. The “new monarchies” or “Renaissance states” of the late 15th century
26
7. The policies of the Renaissance popes, and the impact these policies had on the Catholic
church
27
8. How Renaissance art, and the Humanist movement, reflected the political, economic, and
social developments of the period
28
Spill Over Focus Questions and Answers
Chapter 12
29