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Central and South America
Mayans
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Pictographs
Most accurate calendar
Polytheistic
Math=concept of zero
Warriors
Spaniard arrival=decline
Not politically centralized
Astronomers-built
observatories
Aztecs
• Warriors
• Central government
• Centrally planned
cities (Tenochtitlan)
• Solar calendar
• Advanced agriculture
• Advanced
mathematical concepts
• Polytheistic
(Queztalcoatl)
Cortés’ 1524 Map of Tenochtitlan
Trees to bolster
Water canals
chinampa
Layers of
dirt to
create farm
land
Incas
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Central govt=same language, same buildings
Road system
No written language=quipu
Stone structures w/out mortar that survived
earthquakes
• Pizarro killed ruler and ruled until murdered by
his own men.
Important FYI
• Accept leadership from only a few; chief rules by
respect and consent of the people
• Idea of community did not extend to outsiders
who threatened their natural resources
• Trade not just economic transaction but a form of
gift giving, represented friendship and alliance,
mutual obligation and trust.
• Identify closely to where they lived in terms of
history…emphasized place not time.
Warfare
Essential b/c served to revitalize the
community by replacing dead or missing
w/captives who could be adopted or
tortured to ease the grief of the victims.
-warfare did not involve genocide
-women, children and elderly spared
• How would indigenous people’s ideas about
leadership create conflict with European
conquistadors?
• What was the purpose of warfare in
indigenous cultures?
• What was the purpose of warfare for
European conquistadors?
The Set Up…Motives
• Crusades
• China=printing press,
gunpowder
• Venice and Genoa=principal
trading centers
• Ottoman Empire hindered trade
routes to the east.
• Reformation=Catholic vs.
Protestant
The Set Up…Needs
• Problems facing Europeans
– Population increasing
– Food shortages
Why 1492?
The Rebirth of Europe
Economy
Culture
Politics
Nations competed
for Asian trade.
Ancient Greek, Roman,
and Muslim art and
learning were
rediscovered.
Reformation:
revolt against the
Roman Catholic
Church
Improved
seafaring technology
aided exploration
and trade.
Philosophy of
humanism: use of
reason and
experimentation
in learning
Government by nobles
and the Church
declined.
Spain and Portugal
competed to
explore trade
routes.
Michelangelo,
Leonardo da Vinci
Shakespeare
The rise of nations
Why 1492?
• Portugal and Spain were able to initiate exploration
b/c
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Centralized government
Access to large pools of capital (ie:$$$$)
New commercial practices
Renaissance
Expansionist values
• Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
– Papal Line of Demarcation
Effects of Columbus’ Voyage
From New World
• Iguana, flying squirrel, catfish,
rattlesnake, armadillos, opossums,
sloths, anacondas, toucans,
parrots, turkeys, guinea pigs,
• Potatoes (sweet and white), maize,
beans (snap, kidney, lima, etc.),
peanuts, squash, peppers,
tomatoes, pumpkins, pineapples,
papayas, avocados, cacao, chicle
– These plants could grow
almost anywhere and helped
fuel population explosion
– Today, these crops make up
1/3 of world’s food crops
• syphillis
From Old World
• Rice, wheat,
barley, oats, wine
grapes, melons,
coffee, olives,
bananas, daisies,
dandelions
• Horses, cattle,
pigs, sheep, goats,
chickens (?)
• Typhus, smallpox,
flu, measles
Building the Spanish Empire
Motives
• “God, gold, and glory”
Spanish Explorers
 Juan Ponce de León: Florida, 1513.
 Vasco Núñez de Balboa: Isthmus of Panama in
1513.
 Hernán Cortés, Aztec empire, present-day Mexico,
by 1521.
 Francisco Pizarro, Incan empire, present-day
Peru,1532
.
Building the Spanish Empire
• Used religion as a form of colonial
control.
• Encomiendas
• Both societies (Spanish and Native
American) blended, coexisted and
interacted
 Exploration continued into present-day
Texas and up past the Mississippi
River.
 Spanish New Mexico grew very slowly
Challenges to the Spanish
 Never found gold and
silver
 Climate, limited food
supply
 Never developed market
economy in New World.
 Emphasis on
conversion and control
 Did not trade like the
French and English
The French in North America
• 1523 to 1524: Giovanni da
Verrazzano
• 1543–1542:Jacques Cartier
• 1608: Samuel de Champlain
• 1673-Robert Cavalier
LaSalle
• Why explore?
• New France
English Colonization
Over time, England was the most
successful at colonizing North
America.
• English explorers searched for the
Northwest Passage
• Sea Captains
• Two early English colonies:
1. Roanoke
2. Jamestown
• Indentured servants are people who
worked under contract for a set
period of time in exchange for
passage to the new colony.
• 1620
– Separatists
– Mayflower Compact