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Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. Autologous Synthetic Allogenic (2.5x106 -1x108 cells) Peptide (10-5000 mcg) DNA (50-8000 mcg) RNA (200-640 mcg) Virus (1x103-1x1011 PFU) Bacteria (120-1650 mcg) AntiIdiotypic (3-2000 mcg) Liposomal (20-1000 mcg) Lehner, 1990(2) Osanto, 2000 (3) Livingst on, 1994 (4) Conry, 2002 (5) Weide, 2008 (6) McAneny, 1996 (7) Carr, 2003 (8) Foon, 1997 (9) Palmer, 2001 (10) Veelken, 1997 (12) Newton, 2001(13) Cormier, 1997 (14) Timmer man, 2002 (15) Weide, 2009 (16) Conry, 1999 (17) Guthmann, 2004 (18) Foon, 1998 (19) Ohyanagi,20 11 (20) Small, 2000 (21) Simons, 1997 (22) Jaffee, 2001 (23) Weber, 1999 (24) Klencke, 2002 (25) Marshall, 1999 (26) Bertinetti, 2006 (27) Smith, 2000 (28) Panelli, 2000 (29) Schreiber, 1999 (30) Rousseau, 2003 (31) Khleif, 1999 (32) Pavlenko , 2004 (33) Sanda, 1999 (34) Maciag,2009 (35) Diaz, 2003 (36) Geiger, 2001 (37) Sobol, 1999 (38) Dols, 2003 (39) Van Dreil, 1999 (40) Triozzi, 2005 (41) Eder, 2000 (42) Maraveyas, 1999 (43) Reinartz, 2004 (44) Pecher, 2002 (45) Jiang, 2000(46) Marten, 2003(47) Wang, 1999 (48) Gribben, 2005 (49) Von Mehren, 2000 (50) Osorio, 2008 (51) Zbar, 2005 (52) Hernando, 2002 (53) Kusumoto, 2001 (54) Raez, 2004 (55) Gilewski , 2000 (56) Wolchok , 2007 (57) Horig, 2000 (58) Pfisterer, 2006 (59) Chang, 2002 (60) Dillman, 2004 (61) Barrio, 2006(62) PinillaIbarz, 2000 (63) Cassaday , 2007 (64) Gomella, 2001 (65) Quan, 1997 (66) Kono, 2002 (67) Moiseenko, 2004 (68) Simons, 2006 (69) Chapma n, 2000 (70) Weber, 2008 Mulvihill, 2001 (72) Nicholson, 2004 (73) Dentritic Cells (1x105-1x109 cells) Tumor (2x105-3.7x108 cells) Chakraborty, 1998 (1) Mackensen, 2000 (11) Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. (71) Babatz, 2003 (74) Butterfield, 2003(81) O'Rourke, 2003 (88) Tani, 2004(75) Luiten, 2005 (82) Moiseyenko, 2005 (89) Avigan, 2007 (76) Lewis, 2000 (77) Yuan, 2009 (78) Brill, 2007 (83) Sabbatin i, 2000 (84) McNeel, 2009 (85) Okaji, 2008(90) Slingluff , 2001 (91) Low, 2009 (92) Bedrosian, 2003 (95) Spaner, 2005 (96) Higano, 2008 (97) Gohara, 2002 (98) Brody, 2010 (99) Reichardt, 2003 (102) Biagi, 2005(103) Urba, 2008(104) Noguchi, 2003 (105) Ginsberg , 2010 (106) Yamanaka, 2003 (108) Dessureault, 2007 (109) Buchner, 2010 (110) Pullarkat , 2003 (111) Staff, 2010 (112) Di Nicola, 2004(114) Dillman,2007 (115) Hirschowitz, 2011 (116) Mitchell, 2004 (117) Mincheff , 2000 (118) Caruso,2004(12 0) Russell, 2007 (121) Eaton, 2002 (122) Disis, 2004 (123) Tagawa, 2003 (124) Nemunaitis, 2006* (128) Ullenhag , 2004 (129) Hersey, 2004 (126) Avigan, 2004 (131) Maki, 2007(127) Brill, 2009*(133) Russell, Tsuruma , 2004 (134) Gulley, 2002 (79) Van der Burg, 2002 (86) Zajac, 2003 (93) Rochlitz, 2003 (100) Smith, 2005 (107) Triozzi, 2005 (113) Meyer, 2005 (119) Laurie, 2006 (125) Harrop, 2006 (130) Kaufman, 2006 (135) Sabbatini, 2006 (80) Brett, 2002* (87) Chapman, 2004* (94) Gilliam, 2004* (101) Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. 2008(132) Yu, 2004(136) Vonderheide, 2004 (140) Liau, 2005 (144) Morse, 2005 (148) Linette, 2005 (152) Caruso,2005(15 6) Morse, 2005(160) Yamanaka, 2005 (164) Burgdorf, 2006 (168) Lesimple, 2006 (172) Thomas, 2006(176) Smith, 2010(137) Davis, 2004 (138) Arlen, 2007 (139) Eton, 2010 (141) Noguchi, 2004 (142) Kaufman, 2007 (143) Olivares, 2011(145) Yamamo to, 2005 (146) Gulley, 2008 (147) Abel-Wahab, 1997(149) Watersto n, 2005 (150) Lubaroff, 2009 (151) Wittig, 2001(153) Yamamo to, 2005 (154) Adamina, 2009 (155) Meijer, 2002 (157) Hueman, 2005 (158) Hawkins, 2009 (159) Mahvi, 2002 (161) Kruit, 2005 (162) Dangoor, 2010 (163) Soiffer, 2003 (165) Seledtso v, 2006 (166) Kimball, 2010 (167) Salgia, 2003 (169) Palefsky, 2006 (170) Pantuck, 2004 (171) Nemunaitis, 2004 (173) Kitano, 2006 (174) Marshall, 2005 (175) Nemunaitis, 2006 (177) Bernhar dt, 2006 (178) Galanis, 2010 (179) Mavroud is, 2006 Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. Kuwabara, 2007(180) Morse, 2007 (183) (181) Morita, 2006 (184) Dohnal, 2007 (185) DiPaola, 2006 (186) Kavanagh, 2007 (187) Bins, 2007 (188) Ovali, 2007 (189) Von Euw, 2008 (191) Sabbatin i, 2007 (190) Meyer, 2007 (192) Butterfield, 2008 (193) Kenter, 2008 (194) Santin, 2008 (195) Chianese , 2008 (196) Sampson, 2009 (197) Tsuruma , 2008 (198) Van Driessche, 2009(199) Trepiakas, 2010 (201) Frank, 2010 Perales, 2008 (200) Holmes, 2008 (202) Rezvani, 2008 (204) Safdar, 2006* (182) Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. (203) Okada, 2011 (205) Slingluff , 2008 (206) Rosenblatt, 2011(207) Diefenba ch, 2008 (208) Haining, 2005 (209) Kono, 2009 (210) Park, 2007 (211) Speetjen s, 2009 (212) Ruttinger, 2007 (213) Feyerabe nd, 2009 (214) Peethambaram, 2009(215) Timmer man, 2009 (216) Motohashi, 2009 (217) Kaumay a, 2009 (218) Um, 2010 (219) Giannop oulos, 2010 (220) Perroud, 2011 (221) Wieder mann, 2010 (222) Pandha, 2004 (223) Kowalsk i, 2010 (224) Katano, 2005(225) Perez, 2010 (226) Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. Banchereau, 2005 (227) Carmich ael, 2010 (228) Loveland, 2006 (229) Speiser, 2010 (230) Curti, 2007(231) Baba, 2010 (232) Prins, 2011 (233) Weber, 2011 (234) Karbach, 2011 (235) Terasaki, 2011 (236) Krug, 2011 (237) Kakimi, 2011 (238) Oka, 2004 (239) Ramanat han, 2005 (240) Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. Ramos, 2006 (241) Di Pucchio, 2006 (242) Bender, 2007 (243) Odunis, 2007 (244) Ribas, 2011 (245) Moulton, 2002* (246) Krug, 2004* (247) Holmes, 2008* (248) Peoples, 2008* (249) *Phase 2 trials that used a dose escalation design and tested for immune response as a primary endpoint. Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. 1. Chakraborty NG, Sporn JR, Tortora AF, Kurtzman SH, Yamase H, Ergin MT, et al. Immunization with a tumor-cell-lysate-loaded autologous-antigen-presenting-cell-based vaccine in melanoma. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII. 1998;47:58-64. 2. Lehner B, Schlag P, Liebrich W, Schirrmacher V. Postoperative active specific immunization in curatively resected colorectal cancer patients with a virus-modified autologous tumor cell vaccine. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII. 1990;32:173-8. 3. Osanto S, Schiphorst PP, Weijl NI, Dijkstra N, Van Wees A, Brouwenstein N, et al. Vaccination of melanoma patients with an allogeneic, genetically modified interleukin 2-producing melanoma cell line. Human gene therapy. 2000;11:739-50. 4. Livingston PO, Adluri S, Helling F, Yao TJ, Kensil CR, Newman MJ, et al. Phase 1 trial of immunological adjuvant QS-21 with a GM2 ganglioside-keyhole limpet haemocyanin conjugate vaccine in patients with malignant melanoma. Vaccine. 1994;12:1275-80. 5. Conry RM, Curiel DT, Strong TV, Moore SE, Allen KO, Barlow DL, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine encoding carcinoembryonic antigen and hepatitis B surface antigen in colorectal carcinoma patients. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2002;8:2782-7. 6. Weide B, Carralot JP, Reese A, Scheel B, Eigentler TK, Hoerr I, et al. Results of the first phase I/II clinical vaccination trial with direct injection of mRNA. J Immunother. 2008;31:180-8. 7. McAneny D, Ryan CA, Beazley RM, Kaufman HL. Results of a phase I trial of a recombinant vaccinia virus that expresses carcinoembryonic antigen in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Annals of surgical oncology. 1996;3:495-500. 8. Carr A, Rodriguez E, Arango Mdel C, Camacho R, Osorio M, Gabri M, et al. Immunotherapy of advanced breast cancer with a heterophilic ganglioside (NeuGcGM3) cancer vaccine. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003;21:1015-21. 9. Foon KA, John WJ, Chakraborty M, Sherratt A, Garrison J, Flett M, et al. Clinical and immune responses in advanced colorectal cancer patients treated with anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody vaccine that mimics the carcinoembryonic antigen. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 1997;3:1267-76. 10. Palmer M, Parker J, Modi S, Butts C, Smylie M, Meikle A, et al. Phase I study of the BLP25 (MUC1 peptide) liposomal vaccine for active specific immunotherapy in stage IIIB/IV non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Lung Cancer. 2001;3:49-57; discussion 8. 11. Mackensen A, Herbst B, Chen JL, Kohler G, Noppen C, Herr W, et al. Phase I study in melanoma patients of a vaccine with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells generated in vitro from CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells. International journal of cancer Journal international du cancer. 2000;86:385-92. 12. Veelken H, Mackensen A, Lahn M, Kohler G, Becker D, Franke B, et al. A phase-I clinical study of autologous tumor cells plus interleukin-2-gene-transfected allogeneic fibroblasts as a vaccine in patients with cancer. International journal of cancer Journal international du cancer. 1997;70:269-77. 13. Newton DA, Acierno PM, Metts MC, Baron PL, Brescia FJ, Gattoni-Celli S. Semiallogeneic cancer vaccines formulated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for patients with metastatic gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas: a pilot phase I study. J Immunother. 2001;24:19-26. 14. Cormier JN, Salgaller ML, Prevette T, Barracchini KC, Rivoltini L, Restifo NP, et al. Enhancement of cellular immunity in melanoma patients immunized with a peptide from MART-1/Melan A. The cancer journal from Scientific American. 1997;3:37-44. Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. 15. Timmerman JM, Singh G, Hermanson G, Hobart P, Czerwinski DK, Taidi B, et al. Immunogenicity of a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding chimeric idiotype in patients with B-cell lymphoma. Cancer research. 2002;62:5845-52. 16. Weide B, Pascolo S, Scheel B, Derhovanessian E, Pflugfelder A, Eigentler TK, et al. Direct injection of protamine-protected mRNA: results of a phase 1/2 vaccination trial in metastatic melanoma patients. J Immunother. 2009;32:498-507. 17. Conry RM, Khazaeli MB, Saleh MN, Allen KO, Barlow DL, Moore SE, et al. Phase I trial of a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding carcinoembryonic antigen in metastatic adenocarcinoma: comparison of intradermal versus subcutaneous administration. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 1999;5:2330-7. 18. Guthmann MD, Bitton RJ, Carnero AJ, Gabri MR, Cinat G, Koliren L, et al. Active specific immunotherapy of melanoma with a GM3 ganglioside-based vaccine: a report on safety and immunogenicity. J Immunother. 2004;27:442-51. 19. Foon KA, Sen G, Hutchins L, Kashala OL, Baral R, Banerjee M, et al. Antibody responses in melanoma patients immunized with an anti-idiotype antibody mimicking disialoganglioside GD2. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 1998;4:1117-24. 20. Ohyanagi F, Horai T, Sekine I, Yamamoto N, Nakagawa K, Nishio M, et al. Safety of BLP25 liposome vaccine (L-BLP25) in Japanese patients with unresectable stage III NSCLC after primary chemoradiotherapy: preliminary results from a Phase I/II study. Japanese journal of clinical oncology. 2011;41:718-22. 21. Small EJ, Fratesi P, Reese DM, Strang G, Laus R, Peshwa MV, et al. Immunotherapy of hormonerefractory prostate cancer with antigen-loaded dendritic cells. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2000;18:3894-903. 22. Simons JW, Jaffee EM, Weber CE, Levitsky HI, Nelson WG, Carducci MA, et al. Bioactivity of autologous irradiated renal cell carcinoma vaccines generated by ex vivo granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene transfer. Cancer research. 1997;57:1537-46. 23. Jaffee EM, Hruban RH, Biedrzycki B, Laheru D, Schepers K, Sauter PR, et al. Novel allogeneic granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-secreting tumor vaccine for pancreatic cancer: a phase I trial of safety and immune activation. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2001;19:145-56. 24. Weber JS, Hua FL, Spears L, Marty V, Kuniyoshi C, Celis E. A phase I trial of an HLA-A1 restricted MAGE-3 epitope peptide with incomplete Freund's adjuvant in patients with resected high-risk melanoma. J Immunother. 1999;22:431-40. 25. Klencke B, Matijevic M, Urban RG, Lathey JL, Hedley ML, Berry M, et al. Encapsulated plasmid DNA treatment for human papillomavirus 16-associated anal dysplasia: a Phase I study of ZYC101. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2002;8:1028-37. 26. Marshall JL, Hawkins MJ, Tsang KY, Richmond E, Pedicano JE, Zhu MZ, et al. Phase I study in cancer patients of a replication-defective avipox recombinant vaccine that expresses human carcinoembryonic antigen. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1999;17:332-7. 27. Bertinetti C, Zirlik K, Heining-Mikesch K, Ihorst G, Dierbach H, Waller CF, et al. Phase I trial of a novel intradermal idiotype vaccine in patients with advanced B-cell lymphoma: specific immune responses despite profound immunosuppression. Cancer research. 2006;66:4496-502. Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. 28. Smith AM, Justin T, Michaeli D, Watson SA. Phase I/II study of G17-DT, an anti-gastrin immunogen, in advanced colorectal cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2000;6:4719-24. 29. Panelli MC, Wunderlich J, Jeffries J, Wang E, Mixon A, Rosenberg SA, et al. Phase 1 study in patients with metastatic melanoma of immunization with dendritic cells presenting epitopes derived from the melanoma-associated antigens MART-1 and gp100. J Immunother. 2000;23:487-98. 30. Schreiber S, Kampgen E, Wagner E, Pirkhammer D, Trcka J, Korschan H, et al. Immunotherapy of metastatic malignant melanoma by a vaccine consisting of autologous interleukin 2-transfected cancer cells: outcome of a phase I study. Human gene therapy. 1999;10:983-93. 31. Rousseau RF, Haight AE, Hirschmann-Jax C, Yvon ES, Rill DR, Mei Z, et al. Local and systemic effects of an allogeneic tumor cell vaccine combining transgenic human lymphotactin with interleukin-2 in patients with advanced or refractory neuroblastoma. Blood. 2003;101:1718-26. 32. Khleif SN, Abrams SI, Hamilton JM, Bergmann-Leitner E, Chen A, Bastian A, et al. A phase I vaccine trial with peptides reflecting ras oncogene mutations of solid tumors. J Immunother. 1999;22:155-65. 33. Pavlenko M, Roos AK, Lundqvist A, Palmborg A, Miller AM, Ozenci V, et al. A phase I trial of DNA vaccination with a plasmid expressing prostate-specific antigen in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. British journal of cancer. 2004;91:688-94. 34. Sanda MG, Smith DC, Charles LG, Hwang C, Pienta KJ, Schlom J, et al. Recombinant vaccinia-PSA (PROSTVAC) can induce a prostate-specific immune response in androgen-modulated human prostate cancer. Urology. 1999;53:260-6. 35. Maciag PC, Radulovic S, Rothman J. The first clinical use of a live-attenuated Listeria monocytogenes vaccine: a Phase I safety study of Lm-LLO-E7 in patients with advanced carcinoma of the cervix. Vaccine. 2009;27:3975-83. 36. Diaz A, Alfonso M, Alonso R, Saurez G, Troche M, Catala M, et al. Immune responses in breast cancer patients immunized with an anti-idiotype antibody mimicking NeuGc-containing gangliosides. Clinical immunology. 2003;107:80-9. 37. Geiger JD, Hutchinson RJ, Hohenkirk LF, McKenna EA, Yanik GA, Levine JE, et al. Vaccination of pediatric solid tumor patients with tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells can expand specific T cells and mediate tumor regression. Cancer research. 2001;61:8513-9. 38. Sobol RE, Shawler DL, Carson C, Van Beveren C, Mercola D, Fakhrai H, et al. Interleukin 2 gene therapy of colorectal carcinoma with autologous irradiated tumor cells and genetically engineered fibroblasts: a Phase I study. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 1999;5:2359-65. 39. Dols A, Smith JW, 2nd, Meijer SL, Fox BA, Hu HM, Walker E, et al. Vaccination of women with metastatic breast cancer, using a costimulatory gene (CD80)-modified, HLA-A2-matched, allogeneic, breast cancer cell line: clinical and immunological results. Human gene therapy. 2003;14:1117-23. 40. van Driel WJ, Ressing ME, Kenter GG, Brandt RM, Krul EJ, van Rossum AB, et al. Vaccination with HPV16 peptides of patients with advanced cervical carcinoma: clinical evaluation of a phase I-II trial. Eur J Cancer. 1999;35:946-52. 41. Triozzi PL, Aldrich W, Allen KO, Carlisle RR, LoBuglio AF, Conry RM. Phase I study of a plasmid DNA vaccine encoding MART-1 in patients with resected melanoma at risk for relapse. J Immunother. 2005;28:382-8. 42. Eder JP, Kantoff PW, Roper K, Xu GX, Bubley GJ, Boyden J, et al. A phase I trial of a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing prostate-specific antigen in advanced prostate cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2000;6:1632-8. Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. 43. Maraveyas A, Baban B, Kennard D, Rook GA, Westby M, Grange JM, et al. Possible improved survival of patients with stage IV AJCC melanoma receiving SRL 172 immunotherapy: correlation with induction of increased levels of intracellular interleukin-2 in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO. 1999;10:817-24. 44. Reinartz S, Kohler S, Schlebusch H, Krista K, Giffels P, Renke K, et al. Vaccination of patients with advanced ovarian carcinoma with the anti-idiotype ACA125: immunological response and survival (phase Ib/II). Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2004;10:1580-7. 45. Pecher G, Haring A, Kaiser L, Thiel E. Mucin gene (MUC1) transfected dendritic cells as vaccine: results of a phase I/II clinical trial. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII. 2002;51:669-73. 46. Jiang XP, Yang DC, Elliott RL, Head JF. Vaccination with a mixed vaccine of autogenous and allogeneic breast cancer cells and tumor associated antigens CA15-3, CEA and CA125--results in immune and clinical responses in breast cancer patients. Cancer biotherapy & radiopharmaceuticals. 2000;15:495-505. 47. Marten A, Renoth S, Heinicke T, Albers P, Pauli A, Mey U, et al. Allogeneic dendritic cells fused with tumor cells: preclinical results and outcome of a clinical phase I/II trial in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Human gene therapy. 2003;14:483-94. 48. Wang F, Bade E, Kuniyoshi C, Spears L, Jeffery G, Marty V, et al. Phase I trial of a MART-1 peptide vaccine with incomplete Freund's adjuvant for resected high-risk melanoma. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 1999;5:2756-65. 49. Gribben JG, Ryan DP, Boyajian R, Urban RG, Hedley ML, Beach K, et al. Unexpected association between induction of immunity to the universal tumor antigen CYP1B1 and response to next therapy. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2005;11:4430-6. 50. von Mehren M, Arlen P, Tsang KY, Rogatko A, Meropol N, Cooper HS, et al. Pilot study of a dual gene recombinant avipox vaccine containing both carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and B7.1 transgenes in patients with recurrent CEA-expressing adenocarcinomas. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2000;6:2219-28. 51. Osorio M, Gracia E, Rodriguez E, Saurez G, Arango Mdel C, Noris E, et al. Heterophilic NeuGcGM3 ganglioside cancer vaccine in advanced melanoma patients: results of a Phase Ib/IIa study. Cancer biology & therapy. 2008;7:488-95. 52. Zbar AP, Thomas H, Wilkinson RW, Wadhwa M, Syrigos KN, Ross EL, et al. Immune responses in advanced colorectal cancer following repeated intradermal vaccination with the anti-CEA murine monoclonal antibody, PR1A3: results of a phase I study. International journal of colorectal disease. 2005;20:403-14. 53. Hernando JJ, Park TW, Kubler K, Offergeld R, Schlebusch H, Bauknecht T. Vaccination with autologous tumour antigen-pulsed dendritic cells in advanced gynaecological malignancies: clinical and immunological evaluation of a phase I trial. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII. 2002;51:45-52. 54. Kusumoto M, Umeda S, Ikubo A, Aoki Y, Tawfik O, Oben R, et al. Phase 1 clinical trial of irradiated autologous melanoma cells adenovirally transduced with human GM-CSF gene. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII. 2001;50:373-81. 55. Raez LE, Cassileth PA, Schlesselman JJ, Sridhar K, Padmanabhan S, Fisher EZ, et al. Allogeneic vaccination with a B7.1 HLA-A gene-modified adenocarcinoma cell line in patients with advanced nonsmall-cell lung cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004;22:2800-7. Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. 56. Gilewski T, Adluri S, Ragupathi G, Zhang S, Yao TJ, Panageas K, et al. Vaccination of high-risk breast cancer patients with mucin-1 (MUC1) keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate plus QS-21. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2000;6:1693-701. 57. Wolchok JD, Yuan J, Houghton AN, Gallardo HF, Rasalan TS, Wang J, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of tyrosinase DNA vaccines in patients with melanoma. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 2007;15:2044-50. 58. Horig H, Lee DS, Conkright W, Divito J, Hasson H, LaMare M, et al. Phase I clinical trial of a recombinant canarypoxvirus (ALVAC) vaccine expressing human carcinoembryonic antigen and the B7.1 co-stimulatory molecule. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII. 2000;49:504-14. 59. Pfisterer J, du Bois A, Sehouli J, Loibl S, Reinartz S, Reuss A, et al. The anti-idiotypic antibody abagovomab in patients with recurrent ovarian cancer. A phase I trial of the AGO-OVAR. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO. 2006;17:1568-77. 60. Chang AE, Redman BG, Whitfield JR, Nickoloff BJ, Braun TM, Lee PP, et al. A phase I trial of tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells in the treatment of advanced cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2002;8:1021-32. 61. Dillman R, Barth N, Selvan S, Beutel L, de Leon C, DePriest C, et al. Phase I/II trial of autologous tumor cell line-derived vaccines for recurrent or metastatic sarcomas. Cancer biotherapy & radiopharmaceuticals. 2004;19:581-8. 62. Barrio MM, de Motta PT, Kaplan J, von Euw EM, Bravo AI, Chacon RD, et al. A phase I study of an allogeneic cell vaccine (VACCIMEL) with GM-CSF in melanoma patients. J Immunother. 2006;29:444-54. 63. Pinilla-Ibarz J, Cathcart K, Korontsvit T, Soignet S, Bocchia M, Caggiano J, et al. Vaccination of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia with bcr-abl oncogene breakpoint fusion peptides generates specific immune responses. Blood. 2000;95:1781-7. 64. Cassaday RD, Sondel PM, King DM, Macklin MD, Gan J, Warner TF, et al. A phase I study of immunization using particle-mediated epidermal delivery of genes for gp100 and GM-CSF into uninvolved skin of melanoma patients. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2007;13:540-9. 65. Gomella LG, Mastrangelo MJ, McCue PA, Maguire HJ, Mulholland SG, Lattime EC. Phase i study of intravesical vaccinia virus as a vector for gene therapy of bladder cancer. The Journal of urology. 2001;166:1291-5. 66. Quan WD, Jr., Dean GE, Spears L, Spears CP, Groshen S, Merritt JA, et al. Active specific immunotherapy of metastatic melanoma with an antiidiotype vaccine: a phase I/II trial of I-Mel-2 plus SAF-m. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 1997;15:2103-10. 67. Kono K, Takahashi A, Sugai H, Fujii H, Choudhury AR, Kiessling R, et al. Dendritic cells pulsed with HER-2/neu-derived peptides can induce specific T-cell responses in patients with gastric cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2002;8:3394-400. 68. Moiseenko VM, Danilov AO, Baldueva IA, Danilova AB, Tiukavina NV, Larin SS, et al. [Phase I-II trial of gene therapy with tag-7 modified autologous tumor cells in patients with metastatic solid tumors]. Voprosy onkologii. 2004;50:293-303. 69. Simons JW, Sacks N. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-transduced allogeneic cancer cellular immunotherapy: the GVAX vaccine for prostate cancer. Urologic oncology. 2006;24:41924. 70. Chapman PB, Morrisey D, Panageas KS, Williams L, Lewis JJ, Israel RJ, et al. Vaccination with a bivalent G(M2) and G(D2) ganglioside conjugate vaccine: a trial comparing doses of G(D2)-keyhole Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. limpet hemocyanin. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2000;6:4658-62. 71. Weber J, Boswell W, Smith J, Hersh E, Snively J, Diaz M, et al. Phase 1 trial of intranodal injection of a Melan-A/MART-1 DNA plasmid vaccine in patients with stage IV melanoma. J Immunother. 2008;31:215-23. 72. Mulvihill S, Warren R, Venook A, Adler A, Randlev B, Heise C, et al. Safety and feasibility of injection with an E1B-55 kDa gene-deleted, replication-selective adenovirus (ONYX-015) into primary carcinomas of the pancreas: a phase I trial. Gene therapy. 2001;8:308-15. 73. Nicholson S, Bomphray CC, Thomas H, McIndoe A, Barton D, Gore M, et al. A phase I trial of idiotypic vaccination with HMFG1 in ovarian cancer. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII. 2004;53:809-16. 74. Babatz J, Rollig C, Oelschlagel U, Zhao S, Ehninger G, Schmitz M, et al. Large-scale immunomagnetic selection of CD14+ monocytes to generate dendritic cells for cancer immunotherapy: a phase I study. Journal of hematotherapy & stem cell research. 2003;12:515-23. 75. Tani K, Azuma M, Nakazaki Y, Oyaizu N, Hase H, Ohata J, et al. Phase I study of autologous tumor vaccines transduced with the GM-CSF gene in four patients with stage IV renal cell cancer in Japan: clinical and immunological findings. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 2004;10:799-816. 76. Avigan DE, Vasir B, George DJ, Oh WK, Atkins MB, McDermott DF, et al. Phase I/II study of vaccination with electrofused allogeneic dendritic cells/autologous tumor-derived cells in patients with stage IV renal cell carcinoma. J Immunother. 2007;30:749-61. 77. Lewis JJ, Janetzki S, Schaed S, Panageas KS, Wang S, Williams L, et al. Evaluation of CD8(+) T-cell frequencies by the Elispot assay in healthy individuals and in patients with metastatic melanoma immunized with tyrosinase peptide. International journal of cancer Journal international du cancer. 2000;87:391-8. 78. Yang X, Yuan X, Cai D, Wang S, Zong L. Low molecular weight chitosan in DNA vaccine delivery via mucosa. International journal of pharmaceutics. 2009;375:123-32. 79. Gulley J, Chen AP, Dahut W, Arlen PM, Bastian A, Steinberg SM, et al. Phase I study of a vaccine using recombinant vaccinia virus expressing PSA (rV-PSA) in patients with metastatic androgenindependent prostate cancer. The Prostate. 2002;53:109-17. 80. Sabbatini P, Dupont J, Aghajanian C, Derosa F, Poynor E, Anderson S, et al. Phase I study of abagovomab in patients with epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or primary peritoneal cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2006;12:5503-10. 81. Butterfield LH, Ribas A, Dissette VB, Amarnani SN, Vu HT, Oseguera D, et al. Determinant spreading associated with clinical response in dendritic cell-based immunotherapy for malignant melanoma. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2003;9:998-1008. 82. Luiten RM, Kueter EW, Mooi W, Gallee MP, Rankin EM, Gerritsen WR, et al. Immunogenicity, including vitiligo, and feasibility of vaccination with autologous GM-CSF-transduced tumor cells in metastatic melanoma patients. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2005;23:8978-91. 83. Brill TH, Kubler HR, von Randenborgh H, Fend F, Pohla H, Breul J, et al. Allogeneic retrovirally transduced, IL-2- and IFN-gamma-secreting cancer cell vaccine in patients with hormone refractory prostate cancer--a phase I clinical trial. The journal of gene medicine. 2007;9:547-60. Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. 84. Sabbatini PJ, Kudryashov V, Ragupathi G, Danishefsky SJ, Livingston PO, Bornmann W, et al. Immunization of ovarian cancer patients with a synthetic Lewis(y)-protein conjugate vaccine: a phase 1 trial. International journal of cancer Journal international du cancer. 2000;87:79-85. 85. McNeel DG, Dunphy EJ, Davies JG, Frye TP, Johnson LE, Staab MJ, et al. Safety and immunological efficacy of a DNA vaccine encoding prostatic acid phosphatase in patients with stage D0 prostate cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2009;27:4047-54. 86. van der Burg SH, Menon AG, Redeker A, Bonnet MC, Drijfhout JW, Tollenaar RA, et al. Induction of p53-specific immune responses in colorectal cancer patients receiving a recombinant ALVAC-p53 candidate vaccine. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2002;8:1019-27. 87. Brett BT, Smith SC, Bouvier CV, Michaeli D, Hochhauser D, Davidson BR, et al. Phase II study of anti-gastrin-17 antibodies, raised to G17DT, in advanced pancreatic cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2002;20:4225-31. 88. O'Rourke MG, Johnson M, Lanagan C, See J, Yang J, Bell JR, et al. Durable complete clinical responses in a phase I/II trial using an autologous melanoma cell/dendritic cell vaccine. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII. 2003;52:387-95. 89. Moiseyenko VM, Danilov AO, Baldueva IA, Danilova AB, Tyukavina NV, Larin SS, et al. Phase I/II trial of gene therapy with autologous tumor cells modified with tag7/PGRP-S gene in patients with disseminated solid tumors: miscellaneous tumors. Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology / ESMO. 2005;16:162-8. 90. Okaji Y, Tsuno NH, Tanaka M, Yoneyama S, Matsuhashi M, Kitayama J, et al. Pilot study of antiangiogenic vaccine using fixed whole endothelium in patients with progressive malignancy after failure of conventional therapy. Eur J Cancer. 2008;44:383-90. 91. Slingluff CL, Jr., Yamshchikov G, Neese P, Galavotti H, Eastham S, Engelhard VH, et al. Phase I trial of a melanoma vaccine with gp100(280-288) peptide and tetanus helper peptide in adjuvant: immunologic and clinical outcomes. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2001;7:3012-24. 92. Low L, Mander A, McCann K, Dearnaley D, Tjelle T, Mathiesen I, et al. DNA vaccination with electroporation induces increased antibody responses in patients with prostate cancer. Human gene therapy. 2009;20:1269-78. 93. Zajac P, Oertli D, Marti W, Adamina M, Bolli M, Guller U, et al. Phase I/II clinical trial of a nonreplicative vaccinia virus expressing multiple HLA-A0201-restricted tumor-associated epitopes and costimulatory molecules in metastatic melanoma patients. Human gene therapy. 2003;14:1497-510. 94. Chapman PB, Williams L, Salibi N, Hwu WJ, Krown SE, Livingston PO. A phase II trial comparing five dose levels of BEC2 anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody vaccine that mimics GD3 ganglioside. Vaccine. 2004;22:2904-9. 95. Bedrosian I, Mick R, Xu S, Nisenbaum H, Faries M, Zhang P, et al. Intranodal administration of peptide-pulsed mature dendritic cell vaccines results in superior CD8+ T-cell function in melanoma patients. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003;21:3826-35. 96. Spaner DE, Hammond C, Mena J, Foden C, Deabreu A. A phase I/II trial of oxidized autologous tumor vaccines during the "watch and wait" phase of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII. 2005;54:635-46. Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. 97. Higano CS, Corman JM, Smith DC, Centeno AS, Steidle CP, Gittleman M, et al. Phase 1/2 doseescalation study of a GM-CSF-secreting, allogeneic, cellular immunotherapy for metastatic hormonerefractory prostate cancer. Cancer. 2008;113:975-84. 98. Gohara R, Imai N, Rikimaru T, Yamada A, Hida N, Ichiki M, et al. Phase 1 clinical study of cyclophilin B peptide vaccine for patients with lung cancer. J Immunother. 2002;25:439-44. 99. Brody JD, Ai WZ, Czerwinski DK, Torchia JA, Levy M, Advani RH, et al. In situ vaccination with a TLR9 agonist induces systemic lymphoma regression: a phase I/II study. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2010;28:4324-32. 100. Rochlitz C, Figlin R, Squiban P, Salzberg M, Pless M, Herrmann R, et al. Phase I immunotherapy with a modified vaccinia virus (MVA) expressing human MUC1 as antigen-specific immunotherapy in patients with MUC1-positive advanced cancer. The journal of gene medicine. 2003;5:690-9. 101. Gilliam AD, Watson SA, Henwood M, McKenzie AJ, Humphreys JE, Elder J, et al. A phase II study of G17DT in gastric carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2004;30:536-43. 102. Reichardt VL, Milazzo C, Brugger W, Einsele H, Kanz L, Brossart P. Idiotype vaccination of multiple myeloma patients using monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Haematologica. 2003;88:1139-49. 103. Biagi E, Rousseau R, Yvon E, Schwartz M, Dotti G, Foster A, et al. Responses to human CD40 ligand/human interleukin-2 autologous cell vaccine in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2005;11:6916-23. 104. Urba WJ, Nemunaitis J, Marshall F, Smith DC, Hege KM, Ma J, et al. Treatment of biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor secreting, allogeneic, cellular immunotherapy. The Journal of urology. 2008;180:2011-7; discussion 7-8. 105. Noguchi M, Kobayashi K, Suetsugu N, Tomiyasu K, Suekane S, Yamada A, et al. Induction of cellular and humoral immune responses to tumor cells and peptides in HLA-A24 positive hormonerefractory prostate cancer patients by peptide vaccination. The Prostate. 2003;57:80-92. 106. Ginsberg BA, Gallardo HF, Rasalan TS, Adamow M, Mu Z, Tandon S, et al. Immunologic response to xenogeneic gp100 DNA in melanoma patients: comparison of particle-mediated epidermal delivery with intramuscular injection. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2010;16:4057-65. 107. Smith CL, Mirza F, Pasquetto V, Tscharke DC, Palmowski MJ, Dunbar PR, et al. Immunodominance of poxviral-specific CTL in a human trial of recombinant-modified vaccinia Ankara. J Immunol. 2005;175:8431-7. 108. Yamanaka R, Abe T, Yajima N, Tsuchiya N, Homma J, Kobayashi T, et al. Vaccination of recurrent glioma patients with tumour lysate-pulsed dendritic cells elicits immune responses: results of a clinical phase I/II trial. British journal of cancer. 2003;89:1172-9. 109. Dessureault S, Noyes D, Lee D, Dunn M, Janssen W, Cantor A, et al. A phase-I trial using a universal GM-CSF-producing and CD40L-expressing bystander cell line (GM.CD40L) in the formulation of autologous tumor cell-based vaccines for cancer patients with stage IV disease. Annals of surgical oncology. 2007;14:869-84. 110. Buchner A, Pohla H, Willimsky G, Frankenberger B, Frank R, Baur-Melnyk A, et al. Phase 1 trial of allogeneic gene-modified tumor cell vaccine RCC-26/CD80/IL-2 in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Human gene therapy. 2010;21:285-97. 111. Pullarkat V, Lee PP, Scotland R, Rubio V, Groshen S, Gee C, et al. A phase I trial of SD-9427 (progenipoietin) with a multipeptide vaccine for resected metastatic melanoma. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2003;9:1301-12. Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. 112. Staff C, Mozaffari F, Haller BK, Wahren B, Liljefors M. A Phase I safety study of plasmid DNA immunization targeting carcinoembryonic antigen in colorectal cancer patients. Vaccine. 2011;29:681722. 113. Triozzi PL, Allen KO, Carlisle RR, Craig M, LoBuglio AF, Conry RM. Phase I study of the intratumoral administration of recombinant canarypox viruses expressing B7.1 and interleukin 12 in patients with metastatic melanoma. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2005;11:4168-75. 114. Di Nicola M, Carlo-Stella C, Mortarini R, Baldassari P, Guidetti A, Gallino GF, et al. Boosting T cellmediated immunity to tyrosinase by vaccinia virus-transduced, CD34(+)-derived dendritic cell vaccination: a phase I trial in metastatic melanoma. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2004;10:5381-90. 115. Dillman RO, DePriest C, DeLeon C, Barth NM, Schwartzberg LS, Beutel LD, et al. Patient-specific vaccines derived from autologous tumor cell lines as active specific immunotherapy: results of exploratory phase I/II trials in patients with metastatic melanoma. Cancer biotherapy & radiopharmaceuticals. 2007;22:309-21. 116. Hirschowitz EA, Mullins A, Prajapati D, Baeker T, Kloecker G, Foody T, et al. Pilot study of 1650G: a simplified cellular vaccine for lung cancer. Journal of thoracic oncology : official publication of the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer. 2011;6:169-73. 117. Mitchell MS, Kan-Mitchell J, Morrow PR, Darrah D, Jones VE, Mescher MF. Phase I trial of large multivalent immunogen derived from melanoma lysates in patients with disseminated melanoma. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2004;10:76-83. 118. Mincheff M, Tchakarov S, Zoubak S, Loukinov D, Botev C, Altankova I, et al. Naked DNA and adenoviral immunizations for immunotherapy of prostate cancer: a phase I/II clinical trial. European urology. 2000;38:208-17. 119. Meyer RG, Britten CM, Siepmann U, Petzold B, Sagban TA, Lehr HA, et al. A phase I vaccination study with tyrosinase in patients with stage II melanoma using recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA-hTyr). Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII. 2005;54:453-67. 120. Caruso DA, Orme LM, Neale AM, Radcliff FJ, Amor GM, Maixner W, et al. Results of a phase 1 study utilizing monocyte-derived dendritic cells pulsed with tumor RNA in children and young adults with brain cancer. Neuro-oncology. 2004;6:236-46. 121. Russell HV, Strother D, Mei Z, Rill D, Popek E, Biagi E, et al. Phase I trial of vaccination with autologous neuroblastoma tumor cells genetically modified to secrete IL-2 and lymphotactin. J Immunother. 2007;30:227-33. 122. Eaton JD, Perry MJ, Nicholson S, Guckian M, Russell N, Whelan M, et al. Allogeneic whole-cell vaccine: a phase I/II study in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. BJU international. 2002;89:19-26. 123. Disis ML, Schiffman K, Guthrie K, Salazar LG, Knutson KL, Goodell V, et al. Effect of dose on immune response in patients vaccinated with an her-2/neu intracellular domain protein--based vaccine. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004;22:191625. 124. Tagawa ST, Lee P, Snively J, Boswell W, Ounpraseuth S, Lee S, et al. Phase I study of intranodal delivery of a plasmid DNA vaccine for patients with Stage IV melanoma. Cancer. 2003;98:144-54. 125. Laurie SA, Bell JC, Atkins HL, Roach J, Bamat MK, O'Neil JD, et al. A phase 1 clinical study of intravenous administration of PV701, an oncolytic virus, using two-step desensitization. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2006;12:2555-62. Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. 126. Hersey P, Menzies SW, Halliday GM, Nguyen T, Farrelly ML, DeSilva C, et al. Phase I/II study of treatment with dendritic cell vaccines in patients with disseminated melanoma. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII. 2004;53:125-34. 127. Maki RG, Livingston PO, Lewis JJ, Janetzki S, Klimstra D, Desantis D, et al. A phase I pilot study of autologous heat shock protein vaccine HSPPC-96 in patients with resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Digestive diseases and sciences. 2007;52:1964-72. 128. Nemunaitis J, Dillman RO, Schwarzenberger PO, Senzer N, Cunningham C, Cutler J, et al. Phase II study of belagenpumatucel-L, a transforming growth factor beta-2 antisense gene-modified allogeneic tumor cell vaccine in non-small-cell lung cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2006;24:4721-30. 129. Ullenhag GJ, Frodin JE, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Strigard K, Eriksson E, Samanci A, et al. Durable carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in colorectal carcinoma patients vaccinated with recombinant CEA and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2004;10:3273-81. 130. Harrop R, Connolly N, Redchenko I, Valle J, Saunders M, Ryan MG, et al. Vaccination of colorectal cancer patients with modified vaccinia Ankara delivering the tumor antigen 5T4 (TroVax) induces immune responses which correlate with disease control: a phase I/II trial. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2006;12:3416-24. 131. Avigan D, Vasir B, Gong J, Borges V, Wu Z, Uhl L, et al. Fusion cell vaccination of patients with metastatic breast and renal cancer induces immunological and clinical responses. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2004;10:4699-708. 132. Russell HV, Strother D, Mei Z, Rill D, Popek E, Biagi E, et al. A phase 1/2 study of autologous neuroblastoma tumor cells genetically modified to secrete IL-2 in patients with high-risk neuroblastoma. J Immunother. 2008;31:812-9. 133. Brill TH, Kubler HR, Pohla H, Buchner A, Fend F, Schuster T, et al. Therapeutic vaccination with an interleukin-2-interferon-gamma-secreting allogeneic tumor vaccine in patients with progressive castration-resistant prostate cancer: a phase I/II trial. Human gene therapy. 2009;20:1641-51. 134. Tsuruma T, Hata F, Torigoe T, Furuhata T, Idenoue S, Kurotaki T, et al. Phase I clinical study of anti-apoptosis protein, survivin-derived peptide vaccine therapy for patients with advanced or recurrent colorectal cancer. Journal of translational medicine. 2004;2:19. 135. Kaufman HL, Cohen S, Cheung K, DeRaffele G, Mitcham J, Moroziewicz D, et al. Local delivery of vaccinia virus expressing multiple costimulatory molecules for the treatment of established tumors. Human gene therapy. 2006;17:239-44. 136. Yu JS, Liu G, Ying H, Yong WH, Black KL, Wheeler CJ. Vaccination with tumor lysate-pulsed dendritic cells elicits antigen-specific, cytotoxic T-cells in patients with malignant glioma. Cancer research. 2004;64:4973-9. 137. Smith BD, Kasamon YL, Kowalski J, Gocke C, Murphy K, Miller CB, et al. K562/GM-CSF immunotherapy reduces tumor burden in chronic myeloid leukemia patients with residual disease on imatinib mesylate. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2010;16:338-47. 138. Davis ID, Chen W, Jackson H, Parente P, Shackleton M, Hopkins W, et al. Recombinant NY-ESO-1 protein with ISCOMATRIX adjuvant induces broad integrated antibody and CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004;101:10697-702. Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. 139. Arlen PM, Skarupa L, Pazdur M, Seetharam M, Tsang KY, Grosenbach DW, et al. Clinical safety of a viral vector based prostate cancer vaccine strategy. The Journal of urology. 2007;178:1515-20. 140. Vonderheide RH, Domchek SM, Schultze JL, George DJ, Hoar KM, Chen DY, et al. Vaccination of cancer patients against telomerase induces functional antitumor CD8+ T lymphocytes. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2004;10:828-39. 141. Eton O, Ross MI, East MJ, Mansfield PF, Papadopoulos N, Ellerhorst JA, et al. Autologous tumorderived heat-shock protein peptide complex-96 (HSPPC-96) in patients with metastatic melanoma. Journal of translational medicine. 2010;8:9. 142. Noguchi M, Itoh K, Suekane S, Morinaga A, Sukehiro A, Suetsugu N, et al. Immunological monitoring during combination of patient-oriented peptide vaccination and estramustine phosphate in patients with metastatic hormone refractory prostate cancer. The Prostate. 2004;60:32-45. 143. Kaufman HL, Kim-Schulze S, Manson K, DeRaffele G, Mitcham J, Seo KS, et al. Poxvirus-based vaccine therapy for patients with advanced pancreatic cancer. Journal of translational medicine. 2007;5:60. 144. Liau LM, Prins RM, Kiertscher SM, Odesa SK, Kremen TJ, Giovannone AJ, et al. Dendritic cell vaccination in glioblastoma patients induces systemic and intracranial T-cell responses modulated by the local central nervous system tumor microenvironment. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2005;11:5515-25. 145. Olivares J, Kumar P, Yu Y, Maples PB, Senzer N, Bedell C, et al. Phase I trial of TGF-beta 2 antisense GM-CSF gene-modified autologous tumor cell (TAG) vaccine. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2011;17:183-92. 146. Yamamoto K, Ueno T, Kawaoka T, Hazama S, Fukui M, Suehiro Y, et al. MUC1 peptide vaccination in patients with advanced pancreas or biliary tract cancer. Anticancer research. 2005;25:3575-9. 147. Gulley JL, Arlen PM, Tsang KY, Yokokawa J, Palena C, Poole DJ, et al. Pilot study of vaccination with recombinant CEA-MUC-1-TRICOM poxviral-based vaccines in patients with metastatic carcinoma. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2008;14:3060-9. 148. Morse MA, Clay TM, Hobeika AC, Osada T, Khan S, Chui S, et al. Phase I study of immunization with dendritic cells modified with fowlpox encoding carcinoembryonic antigen and costimulatory molecules. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2005;11:3017-24. 149. Abdel-Wahab Z, Weltz C, Hester D, Pickett N, Vervaert C, Barber JR, et al. A Phase I clinical trial of immunotherapy with interferon-gamma gene-modified autologous melanoma cells: monitoring the humoral immune response. Cancer. 1997;80:401-12. 150. Waterston AM, Gumbrell L, Bratt T, Waller S, Gustav-Aspland J, L'Hermenier C, et al. Phase I study of TNFalpha AutoVaccIne in patients with metastatic cancer. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII. 2005;54:848-57. 151. Lubaroff DM, Konety BR, Link B, Gerstbrein J, Madsen T, Shannon M, et al. Phase I clinical trial of an adenovirus/prostate-specific antigen vaccine for prostate cancer: safety and immunologic results. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2009;15:7375-80. 152. Linette GP, Zhang D, Hodi FS, Jonasch EP, Longerich S, Stowell CP, et al. Immunization using autologous dendritic cells pulsed with the melanoma-associated antigen gp100-derived G280-9V peptide elicits CD8+ immunity. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2005;11:7692-9. Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. 153. Wittig B, Marten A, Dorbic T, Weineck S, Min H, Niemitz S, et al. Therapeutic vaccination against metastatic carcinoma by expression-modulated and immunomodified autologous tumor cells: a first clinical phase I/II trial. Human gene therapy. 2001;12:267-78. 154. Yamamoto K, Mine T, Katagiri K, Suzuki N, Kawaoka T, Ueno T, et al. Immunological evaluation of personalized peptide vaccination for patients with pancreatic cancer. Oncology reports. 2005;13:874-83. 155. Adamina M, Rosenthal R, Weber WP, Frey DM, Viehl CT, Bolli M, et al. Intranodal immunization with a vaccinia virus encoding multiple antigenic epitopes and costimulatory molecules in metastatic melanoma. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 2010;18:651-9. 156. Caruso DA, Orme LM, Amor GM, Neale AM, Radcliff FJ, Downie P, et al. Results of a Phase I study utilizing monocyte-derived dendritic cells pulsed with tumor RNA in children with Stage 4 neuroblastoma. Cancer. 2005;103:1280-91. 157. Meijer SL, Dols A, Urba WJ, Hu HM, Smith IJ, Vetto J, et al. Adoptive cellular therapy with tumor vaccine draining lymph node lymphocytes after vaccination with HLA-B7/beta2-microglobulin genemodified autologous tumor cells. J Immunother. 2002;25:359-72. 158. Hueman MT, Dehqanzada ZA, Novak TE, Gurney JM, Woll MM, Ryan GB, et al. Phase I clinical trial of a HER-2/neu peptide (E75) vaccine for the prevention of prostate-specific antigen recurrence in high-risk prostate cancer patients. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2005;11:7470-9. 159. Hawkins RE, Macdermott C, Shablak A, Hamer C, Thistlethwaite F, Drury NL, et al. Vaccination of patients with metastatic renal cancer with modified vaccinia Ankara encoding the tumor antigen 5T4 (TroVax) given alongside interferon-alpha. J Immunother. 2009;32:424-9. 160. Morse MA, Garst J, Osada T, Khan S, Hobeika A, Clay TM, et al. A phase I study of dexosome immunotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Journal of translational medicine. 2005;3:9. 161. Mahvi DM, Shi FS, Yang NS, Weber S, Hank J, Albertini M, et al. Immunization by particlemediated transfer of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene into autologous tumor cells in melanoma or sarcoma patients: report of a phase I/IB study. Human gene therapy. 2002;13:1711-21. 162. Kruit WH, van Ojik HH, Brichard VG, Escudier B, Dorval T, Dreno B, et al. Phase 1/2 study of subcutaneous and intradermal immunization with a recombinant MAGE-3 protein in patients with detectable metastatic melanoma. International journal of cancer Journal international du cancer. 2005;117:596-604. 163. Dangoor A, Lorigan P, Keilholz U, Schadendorf D, Harris A, Ottensmeier C, et al. Clinical and immunological responses in metastatic melanoma patients vaccinated with a high-dose poly-epitope vaccine. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII. 2010;59:863-73. 164. Yamanaka R, Homma J, Yajima N, Tsuchiya N, Sano M, Kobayashi T, et al. Clinical evaluation of dendritic cell vaccination for patients with recurrent glioma: results of a clinical phase I/II trial. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2005;11:4160-7. 165. Soiffer R, Hodi FS, Haluska F, Jung K, Gillessen S, Singer S, et al. Vaccination with irradiated, autologous melanoma cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer augments antitumor immunity in patients with metastatic melanoma. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003;21:3343-50. 166. Seledtsov VI, Shishkov AA, Surovtseva MA, Samarin DM, Seledtsova GV, Niza NA, et al. Xenovaccinotherapy for melanoma. European journal of dermatology : EJD. 2006;16:655-61. Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. 167. Kimball KJ, Preuss MA, Barnes MN, Wang M, Siegal GP, Wan W, et al. A phase I study of a tropism-modified conditionally replicative adenovirus for recurrent malignant gynecologic diseases. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2010;16:5277-87. 168. Burgdorf SK, Fischer A, Claesson MH, Kirkin AF, Dzhandzhugazyan KN, Rosenberg J. Vaccination with melanoma lysate-pulsed dendritic cells, of patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma: report from a phase I study. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR. 2006;25:201-6. 169. Salgia R, Lynch T, Skarin A, Lucca J, Lynch C, Jung K, et al. Vaccination with irradiated autologous tumor cells engineered to secrete granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor augments antitumor immunity in some patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung carcinoma. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003;21:624-30. 170. Palefsky JM, Berry JM, Jay N, Krogstad M, Da Costa M, Darragh TM, et al. A trial of SGN-00101 (HspE7) to treat high-grade anal intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive individuals. Aids. 2006;20:11515. 171. Pantuck AJ, van Ophoven A, Gitlitz BJ, Tso CL, Acres B, Squiban P, et al. Phase I trial of antigenspecific gene therapy using a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding MUC-1 and IL-2 in MUC-1-positive patients with advanced prostate cancer. J Immunother. 2004;27:240-53. 172. Lesimple T, Neidhard EM, Vignard V, Lefeuvre C, Adamski H, Labarriere N, et al. Immunologic and clinical effects of injecting mature peptide-loaded dendritic cells by intralymphatic and intranodal routes in metastatic melanoma patients. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2006;12:7380-8. 173. Nemunaitis J, Sterman D, Jablons D, Smith JW, 2nd, Fox B, Maples P, et al. Granulocytemacrophage colony-stimulating factor gene-modified autologous tumor vaccines in non-small-cell lung cancer. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2004;96:326-31. 174. Kitano S, Kageyama S, Nagata Y, Miyahara Y, Hiasa A, Naota H, et al. HER2-specific T-cell immune responses in patients vaccinated with truncated HER2 protein complexed with nanogels of cholesteryl pullulan. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2006;12:7397-405. 175. Marshall JL, Gulley JL, Arlen PM, Beetham PK, Tsang KY, Slack R, et al. Phase I study of sequential vaccinations with fowlpox-CEA(6D)-TRICOM alone and sequentially with vaccinia-CEA(6D)-TRICOM, with and without granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, in patients with carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing carcinomas. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2005;23:720-31. 176. Thomas-Kaskel AK, Zeiser R, Jochim R, Robbel C, Schultze-Seemann W, Waller CF, et al. Vaccination of advanced prostate cancer patients with PSCA and PSA peptide-loaded dendritic cells induces DTH responses that correlate with superior overall survival. International journal of cancer Journal international du cancer. 2006;119:2428-34. 177. Nemunaitis J, Jahan T, Ross H, Sterman D, Richards D, Fox B, et al. Phase 1/2 trial of autologous tumor mixed with an allogeneic GVAX vaccine in advanced-stage non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer gene therapy. 2006;13:555-62. 178. Bernhardt SL, Gjertsen MK, Trachsel S, Moller M, Eriksen JA, Meo M, et al. Telomerase peptide vaccination of patients with non-resectable pancreatic cancer: A dose escalating phase I/II study. British journal of cancer. 2006;95:1474-82. 179. Galanis E, Hartmann LC, Cliby WA, Long HJ, Peethambaram PP, Barrette BA, et al. Phase I trial of intraperitoneal administration of an oncolytic measles virus strain engineered to express carcinoembryonic antigen for recurrent ovarian cancer. Cancer research. 2010;70:875-82. Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. 180. Kuwabara K, Nishishita T, Morishita M, Oyaizu N, Yamashita S, Kanematsu T, et al. Results of a phase I clinical study using dendritic cell vaccinations for thyroid cancer. Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association. 2007;17:53-8. 181. Mavroudis D, Bolonakis I, Cornet S, Myllaki G, Kanellou P, Kotsakis A, et al. A phase I study of the optimized cryptic peptide TERT(572y) in patients with advanced malignancies. Oncology. 2006;70:30614. 182. Safdar A, Rodriguez MA, Fayad LE, Rodriguez GH, Pro B, Wang M, et al. Dose-related safety and immunogenicity of baculovirus-expressed trivalent influenza vaccine: a double-blind, controlled trial in adult patients with non-Hodgkin B cell lymphoma. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:1394-7. 183. Morse MA, Hobeika A, Osada T, Niedzwiecki D, Marcom PK, Blackwell KL, et al. Long term disease-free survival and T cell and antibody responses in women with high-risk Her2+ breast cancer following vaccination against Her2. Journal of translational medicine. 2007;5:42. 184. Morita S, Oka Y, Tsuboi A, Kawakami M, Maruno M, Izumoto S, et al. A phase I/II trial of a WT1 (Wilms' tumor gene) peptide vaccine in patients with solid malignancy: safety assessment based on the phase I data. Japanese journal of clinical oncology. 2006;36:231-6. 185. Dohnal AM, Witt V, Hugel H, Holter W, Gadner H, Felzmann T. Phase I study of tumor Ag-loaded IL-12 secreting semi-mature DC for the treatment of pediatric cancer. Cytotherapy. 2007;9:755-70. 186. DiPaola RS, Plante M, Kaufman H, Petrylak DP, Israeli R, Lattime E, et al. A phase I trial of pox PSA vaccines (PROSTVAC-VF) with B7-1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3 co-stimulatory molecules (TRICOM) in patients with prostate cancer. Journal of translational medicine. 2006;4:1. 187. Kavanagh B, Ko A, Venook A, Margolin K, Zeh H, Lotze M, et al. Vaccination of metastatic colorectal cancer patients with matured dendritic cells loaded with multiple major histocompatibility complex class I peptides. J Immunother. 2007;30:762-72. 188. Bins A, Mallo H, Sein J, van den Bogaard C, Nooijen W, Vyth-Dreese F, et al. Phase I clinical study with multiple peptide vaccines in combination with tetanus toxoid and GM-CSF in advanced-stage HLAA*0201-positive melanoma patients. J Immunother. 2007;30:234-9. 189. Ovali E, Dikmen T, Sonmez M, Yilmaz M, Unal A, Dalbasti T, et al. Active immunotherapy for cancer patients using tumor lysate pulsed dendritic cell vaccine: a safety study. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR. 2007;26:209-14. 190. Sabbatini PJ, Ragupathi G, Hood C, Aghajanian CA, Juretzka M, Iasonos A, et al. Pilot study of a heptavalent vaccine-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate plus QS21 in patients with epithelial ovarian, fallopian tube, or peritoneal cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2007;13:4170-7. 191. von Euw EM, Barrio MM, Furman D, Levy EM, Bianchini M, Peguillet I, et al. A phase I clinical study of vaccination of melanoma patients with dendritic cells loaded with allogeneic apoptotic/necrotic melanoma cells. Analysis of toxicity and immune response to the vaccine and of IL-10 -1082 promoter genotype as predictor of disease progression. Journal of translational medicine. 2008;6:6. 192. Meyer RG, Korn S, Micke P, Becker K, Huber C, Wolfel T, et al. An open-label, prospective phase I/II study evaluating the immunogenicity and safety of a ras peptide vaccine plus GM-CSF in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2007;58:88-94. 193. Butterfield LH, Comin-Anduix B, Vujanovic L, Lee Y, Dissette VB, Yang JQ, et al. Adenovirus MART-1-engineered autologous dendritic cell vaccine for metastatic melanoma. J Immunother. 2008;31:294-309. 194. Kenter GG, Welters MJ, Valentijn AR, Lowik MJ, Berends-van der Meer DM, Vloon AP, et al. Phase I immunotherapeutic trial with long peptides spanning the E6 and E7 sequences of high-risk human papillomavirus 16 in end-stage cervical cancer patients shows low toxicity and robust Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. immunogenicity. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2008;14:169-77. 195. Santin AD, Bellone S, Palmieri M, Zanolini A, Ravaggi A, Siegel ER, et al. Human papillomavirus type 16 and 18 E7-pulsed dendritic cell vaccination of stage IB or IIA cervical cancer patients: a phase I escalating-dose trial. Journal of virology. 2008;82:1968-79. 196. Chianese-Bullock KA, Irvin WP, Jr., Petroni GR, Murphy C, Smolkin M, Olson WC, et al. A multipeptide vaccine is safe and elicits T-cell responses in participants with advanced stage ovarian cancer. J Immunother. 2008;31:420-30. 197. Sampson JH, Archer GE, Mitchell DA, Heimberger AB, Herndon JE, 2nd, Lally-Goss D, et al. An epidermal growth factor receptor variant III-targeted vaccine is safe and immunogenic in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. Molecular cancer therapeutics. 2009;8:2773-9. 198. Tsuruma T, Iwayama Y, Ohmura T, Katsuramaki T, Hata F, Furuhata T, et al. Clinical and immunological evaluation of anti-apoptosis protein, survivin-derived peptide vaccine in phase I clinical study for patients with advanced or recurrent breast cancer. Journal of translational medicine. 2008;6:24. 199. Van Driessche A, Van de Velde AL, Nijs G, Braeckman T, Stein B, De Vries JM, et al. Clinical-grade manufacturing of autologous mature mRNA-electroporated dendritic cells and safety testing in acute myeloid leukemia patients in a phase I dose-escalation clinical trial. Cytotherapy. 2009;11:653-68. 200. Perales MA, Yuan J, Powel S, Gallardo HF, Rasalan TS, Gonzalez C, et al. Phase I/II study of GMCSF DNA as an adjuvant for a multipeptide cancer vaccine in patients with advanced melanoma. Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy. 2008;16:2022-9. 201. Trepiakas R, Berntsen A, Hadrup SR, Bjorn J, Geertsen PF, Straten PT, et al. Vaccination with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with multiple tumor antigens for treatment of patients with malignant melanoma: results from a phase I/II trial. Cytotherapy. 2010;12:721-34. 202. Holmes JP, Benavides LC, Gates JD, Carmichael MG, Hueman MT, Mittendorf EA, et al. Results of the first phase I clinical trial of the novel II-key hybrid preventive HER-2/neu peptide (AE37) vaccine. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2008;26:342633. 203. Frank MO, Kaufman J, Tian S, Suarez-Farinas M, Parveen S, Blachere NE, et al. Harnessing naturally occurring tumor immunity: a clinical vaccine trial in prostate cancer. PloS one. 2010;5. 204. Rezvani K, Yong AS, Mielke S, Savani BN, Musse L, Superata J, et al. Leukemia-associated antigen-specific T-cell responses following combined PR1 and WT1 peptide vaccination in patients with myeloid malignancies. Blood. 2008;111:236-42. 205. Okada H, Kalinski P, Ueda R, Hoji A, Kohanbash G, Donegan TE, et al. Induction of CD8+ T-cell responses against novel glioma-associated antigen peptides and clinical activity by vaccinations with {alpha}-type 1 polarized dendritic cells and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized by lysine and carboxymethylcellulose in patients with recurrent malignant glioma. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2011;29:330-6. 206. Slingluff CL, Jr., Petroni GR, Olson W, Czarkowski A, Grosh WW, Smolkin M, et al. Helper T-cell responses and clinical activity of a melanoma vaccine with multiple peptides from MAGE and melanocytic differentiation antigens. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2008;26:4973-80. 207. Rosenblatt J, Vasir B, Uhl L, Blotta S, Macnamara C, Somaiya P, et al. Vaccination with dendritic cell/tumor fusion cells results in cellular and humoral antitumor immune responses in patients with multiple myeloma. Blood. 2011;117:393-402. Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. 208. Diefenbach CS, Gnjatic S, Sabbatini P, Aghajanian C, Hensley ML, Spriggs DR, et al. Safety and immunogenicity study of NY-ESO-1b peptide and montanide ISA-51 vaccination of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer in high-risk first remission. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2008;14:2740-8. 209. Haining WN, Cardoso AA, Keczkemethy HL, Fleming M, Neuberg D, DeAngelo DJ, et al. Failure to define window of time for autologous tumor vaccination in patients with newly diagnosed or relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Experimental hematology. 2005;33:286-94. 210. Kono K, Mizukami Y, Daigo Y, Takano A, Masuda K, Yoshida K, et al. Vaccination with multiple peptides derived from novel cancer-testis antigens can induce specific T-cell responses and clinical responses in advanced esophageal cancer. Cancer science. 2009;100:1502-9. 211. Park JW, Melisko ME, Esserman LJ, Jones LA, Wollan JB, Sims R. Treatment with autologous antigen-presenting cells activated with the HER-2 based antigen Lapuleucel-T: results of a phase I study in immunologic and clinical activity in HER-2 overexpressing breast cancer. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2007;25:3680-7. 212. Speetjens FM, Kuppen PJ, Welters MJ, Essahsah F, Voet van den Brink AM, Lantrua MG, et al. Induction of p53-specific immunity by a p53 synthetic long peptide vaccine in patients treated for metastatic colorectal cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2009;15:1086-95. 213. Ruttinger D, van den Engel NK, Winter H, Schlemmer M, Pohla H, Grutzner S, et al. Adjuvant therapeutic vaccination in patients with non-small cell lung cancer made lymphopenic and reconstituted with autologous PBMC: first clinical experience and evidence of an immune response. Journal of translational medicine. 2007;5:43. 214. Feyerabend S, Stevanovic S, Gouttefangeas C, Wernet D, Hennenlotter J, Bedke J, et al. Novel multi-peptide vaccination in Hla-A2+ hormone sensitive patients with biochemical relapse of prostate cancer. The Prostate. 2009;69:917-27. 215. Peethambaram PP, Melisko ME, Rinn KJ, Alberts SR, Provost NM, Jones LA, et al. A phase I trial of immunotherapy with lapuleucel-T (APC8024) in patients with refractory metastatic tumors that express HER-2/neu. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2009;15:5937-44. 216. Timmerman JM, Vose JM, Czerwinski DK, Weng WK, Ingolia D, Mayo M, et al. Tumor-specific recombinant idiotype immunisation after chemotherapy as initial treatment for follicular non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Leukemia & lymphoma. 2009;50:37-46. 217. Motohashi S, Nagato K, Kunii N, Yamamoto H, Yamasaki K, Okita K, et al. A phase I-II study of alpha-galactosylceramide-pulsed IL-2/GM-CSF-cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with advanced and recurrent non-small cell lung cancer. J Immunol. 2009;182:2492-501. 218. Kaumaya PT, Foy KC, Garrett J, Rawale SV, Vicari D, Thurmond JM, et al. Phase I active immunotherapy with combination of two chimeric, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, B-cell epitopes fused to a promiscuous T-cell epitope in patients with metastatic and/or recurrent solid tumors. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2009;27:5270-7. 219. Um SJ, Choi YJ, Shin HJ, Son CH, Park YS, Roh MS, et al. Phase I study of autologous dendritic cell tumor vaccine in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer. 2010;70:188-94. 220. Giannopoulos K, Dmoszynska A, Kowal M, Rolinski J, Gostick E, Price DA, et al. Peptide vaccination elicits leukemia-associated antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell responses in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia. 2010;24:798-805. Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. 221. Perroud MW, Jr., Honma HN, Barbeiro AS, Gilli SC, Almeida MT, Vassallo J, et al. Mature autologous dendritic cell vaccines in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a phase I pilot study. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR. 2011;30:65. 222. Wiedermann U, Wiltschke C, Jasinska J, Kundi M, Zurbriggen R, Garner-Spitzer E, et al. A virosomal formulated Her-2/neu multi-peptide vaccine induces Her-2/neu-specific immune responses in patients with metastatic breast cancer: a phase I study. Breast cancer research and treatment. 2010;119:673-83. 223. Pandha HS, John RJ, Hutchinson J, James N, Whelan M, Corbishley C, et al. Dendritic cell immunotherapy for urological cancers using cryopreserved allogeneic tumour lysate-pulsed cells: a phase I/II study. BJU international. 2004;94:412-8. 224. Kowalski M, Entwistle J, Cizeau J, Niforos D, Loewen S, Chapman W, et al. A Phase I study of an intravesically administered immunotoxin targeting EpCAM for the treatment of nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer in BCGrefractory and BCG-intolerant patients. Drug design, development and therapy. 2010;4:313-20. 225. Katano M, Morisaki T, Koga K, Nakamura M, Onishi H, Matsumoto K, et al. Combination therapy with tumor cell-pulsed dendritic cells and activated lymphocytes for patients with disseminated carcinomas. Anticancer research. 2005;25:3771-6. 226. Perez SA, Kallinteris NL, Bisias S, Tzonis PK, Georgakopoulou K, Varla-Leftherioti M, et al. Results from a phase I clinical study of the novel Ii-Key/HER-2/neu(776-790) hybrid peptide vaccine in patients with prostate cancer. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2010;16:3495-506. 227. Banchereau J, Ueno H, Dhodapkar M, Connolly J, Finholt JP, Klechevsky E, et al. Immune and clinical outcomes in patients with stage IV melanoma vaccinated with peptide-pulsed dendritic cells derived from CD34+ progenitors and activated with type I interferon. J Immunother. 2005;28:505-16. 228. Carmichael MG, Benavides LC, Holmes JP, Gates JD, Mittendorf EA, Ponniah S, et al. Results of the first phase 1 clinical trial of the HER-2/neu peptide (GP2) vaccine in disease-free breast cancer patients: United States Military Cancer Institute Clinical Trials Group Study I-04. Cancer. 2010;116:292301. 229. Loveland BE, Zhao A, White S, Gan H, Hamilton K, Xing PX, et al. Mannan-MUC1-pulsed dendritic cell immunotherapy: a phase I trial in patients with adenocarcinoma. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2006;12:869-77. 230. Speiser DE, Schwarz K, Baumgaertner P, Manolova V, Devevre E, Sterry W, et al. Memory and effector CD8 T-cell responses after nanoparticle vaccination of melanoma patients. J Immunother. 2010;33:848-58. 231. Curti A, Tosi P, Comoli P, Terragna C, Ferri E, Cellini C, et al. Phase I/II clinical trial of sequential subcutaneous and intravenous delivery of dendritic cell vaccination for refractory multiple myeloma using patient-specific tumour idiotype protein or idiotype (VDJ)-derived class I-restricted peptides. British journal of haematology. 2007;139:415-24. 232. Baba T, Sato-Matsushita M, Kanamoto A, Itoh A, Oyaizu N, Inoue Y, et al. Phase I clinical trial of the vaccination for the patients with metastatic melanoma using gp100-derived epitope peptide restricted to HLA-A*2402. Journal of translational medicine. 2010;8:84. 233. Prins RM, Soto H, Konkankit V, Odesa SK, Eskin A, Yong WH, et al. Gene expression profile correlates with T-cell infiltration and relative survival in glioblastoma patients vaccinated with dendritic cell immunotherapy. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2011;17:1603-15. Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. 234. Weber JS, Vogelzang NJ, Ernstoff MS, Goodman OB, Cranmer LD, Marshall JL, et al. A phase 1 study of a vaccine targeting preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma and prostate-specific membrane antigen in patients with advanced solid tumors. J Immunother. 2011;34:556-67. 235. Karbach J, Neumann A, Atmaca A, Wahle C, Brand K, von Boehmer L, et al. Efficient in vivo priming by vaccination with recombinant NY-ESO-1 protein and CpG in antigen naive prostate cancer patients. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2011;17:861-70. 236. Terasaki M, Shibui S, Narita Y, Fujimaki T, Aoki T, Kajiwara K, et al. Phase I trial of a personalized peptide vaccine for patients positive for human leukocyte antigen--A24 with recurrent or progressive glioblastoma multiforme. Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2011;29:337-44. 237. Krug LM, Ragupathi G, Hood C, George C, Hong F, Shen R, et al. Immunization with N-propionyl polysialic acid-KLH conjugate in patients with small cell lung cancer is safe and induces IgM antibodies reactive with SCLC cells and bactericidal against group B meningococci. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII. 2011. 238. Kakimi K, Isobe M, Uenaka A, Wada H, Sato E, Doki Y, et al. A phase I study of vaccination with NY-ESO-1f peptide mixed with Picibanil OK-432 and Montanide ISA-51 in patients with cancers expressing the NY-ESO-1 antigen. International journal of cancer Journal international du cancer. 2011;129:2836-46. 239. Oka Y, Tsuboi A, Taguchi T, Osaki T, Kyo T, Nakajima H, et al. Induction of WT1 (Wilms' tumor gene)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes by WT1 peptide vaccine and the resultant cancer regression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2004;101:13885-90. 240. Ramanathan RK, Lee KM, McKolanis J, Hitbold E, Schraut W, Moser AJ, et al. Phase I study of a MUC1 vaccine composed of different doses of MUC1 peptide with SB-AS2 adjuvant in resected and locally advanced pancreatic cancer. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII. 2005;54:254-64. 241. Ramos TC, Vinageras EN, Ferrer MC, Verdecia BG, Rupale IL, Perez LM, et al. Treatment of NSCLC patients with an EGF-based cancer vaccine: report of a Phase I trial. Cancer biology & therapy. 2006;5:145-9. 242. Di Pucchio T, Pilla L, Capone I, Ferrantini M, Montefiore E, Urbani F, et al. Immunization of stage IV melanoma patients with Melan-A/MART-1 and gp100 peptides plus IFN-alpha results in the activation of specific CD8(+) T cells and monocyte/dendritic cell precursors. Cancer research. 2006;66:4943-51. 243. Bender A, Karbach J, Neumann A, Jager D, Al-Batran SE, Atmaca A, et al. LUD 00-009: phase 1 study of intensive course immunization with NY-ESO-1 peptides in HLA-A2 positive patients with NYESO-1-expressing cancer. Cancer immunity. 2007;7:16. 244. Odunsi K, Qian F, Matsuzaki J, Mhawech-Fauceglia P, Andrews C, Hoffman EW, et al. Vaccination with an NY-ESO-1 peptide of HLA class I/II specificities induces integrated humoral and T cell responses in ovarian cancer. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2007;104:12837-42. 245. Ribas A, Weber JS, Chmielowski B, Comin-Anduix B, Lu D, Douek M, et al. Intra-lymph node prime-boost vaccination against Melan A and tyrosinase for the treatment of metastatic melanoma: results of a phase 1 clinical trial. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2011;17:2987-96. 246. Moulton HM, Yoshihara PH, Mason DH, Iversen PL, Triozzi PL. Active specific immunotherapy with a beta-human chorionic gonadotropin peptide vaccine in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: antibody response is associated with improved survival. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2002;8:2044-51. Supplemental Table 1. A full list of the analyzed trials. 247. Krug LM, Ragupathi G, Hood C, Kris MG, Miller VA, Allen JR, et al. Vaccination of patients with small-cell lung cancer with synthetic fucosyl GM-1 conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2004;10:6094-100. 248. Holmes JP, Gates JD, Benavides LC, Hueman MT, Carmichael MG, Patil R, et al. Optimal dose and schedule of an HER-2/neu (E75) peptide vaccine to prevent breast cancer recurrence: from US Military Cancer Institute Clinical Trials Group Study I-01 and I-02. Cancer. 2008;113:1666-75. 249. Peoples GE, Holmes JP, Hueman MT, Mittendorf EA, Amin A, Khoo S, et al. Combined clinical trial results of a HER2/neu (E75) vaccine for the prevention of recurrence in high-risk breast cancer patients: U.S. Military Cancer Institute Clinical Trials Group Study I-01 and I-02. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2008;14:797-803.