* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Unit2-KA3a-NervousSystem
Blood–brain barrier wikipedia , lookup
Endocannabinoid system wikipedia , lookup
Nonsynaptic plasticity wikipedia , lookup
Selfish brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Holonomic brain theory wikipedia , lookup
Neuromuscular junction wikipedia , lookup
Biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease wikipedia , lookup
Single-unit recording wikipedia , lookup
Development of the nervous system wikipedia , lookup
Synaptogenesis wikipedia , lookup
Feature detection (nervous system) wikipedia , lookup
Neurotransmitter wikipedia , lookup
Chemical synapse wikipedia , lookup
Channelrhodopsin wikipedia , lookup
Molecular neuroscience wikipedia , lookup
Neuroanatomy wikipedia , lookup
Neuropsychopharmacology wikipedia , lookup
Synaptic gating wikipedia , lookup
Biological neuron model wikipedia , lookup
Nervous system network models wikipedia , lookup
N5- Unit 2 –Key area 3- Control and communication- Nerve and hormones 1-Why is internal communication For survival of multicellular organisms because cells in needed? multicellular organisms do not work independently. Nervous control 2- What is the nervous system The central nervous system (CNS, made of the brain made of? and the spinal cord.) and the nerves. 3- Identify the parts of the brain 1- Cerebrum: the largest part, divided into two halves. and their function Different regions are responsible for memory, conscious thought, reasoning, intelligence, personality. 2- Cerebellum: controls balance and co-ordination. 3- Medulla: controls automatic functions of the body: breathing, heart beat, etc… 4- What is a stimulus? Other name for it? 5- Job of the sensory neuron and effect? 6- Job of the motor neuron? 7- What is a relay/intermediate neuron? 8- In what form is the message carried along a neuron? 9- What is the name of the gap found between 2 neurons? 10- How is the message passed from on neuron to the next? 11- What is a reflex action? 12- Function of a reflex action and example 13- Describe how a reflex action works, using the simple model of a reflex arc. A change in conditions that is detected by a receptor. Other name: sensory input. To pass the message to the CNS. The CNS processes the information from our senses which needs a response Motor neurons enable a response brought about by the CNS to occur. It can be a rapid action from a muscle or a slower response from a gland. A nerve cell which is found between a sensory and a motor neuron. The relay neuron is part of the CNS (i.e. brain and spinal cord). Electrical impulses carry messages along neurons. A synapse. Chemicals transfer these messages across synapses. It is a fast automatic responses which require no input from the brain. - protect the body from damage (e.g. removing hand from heat, pupil of the eye becoming smaller in bright light to protect the sensitive cells at the back of the eye from damage, sneeze) - help the body’s normal functioning (e.g. swallowing). It is the passage of an impulse from a sensory neuron, across a relay neuron to a motor neuron. Receptors (1) are stimulated (e.g. pain) and send a nerve impulse though the sensory neuron (2). From the sensory neuron, the message has to pass through a synapse (junction, 3) before it reaches the intermediate neuron or relay neuron (4) in the spinal cord. From the intermediate/relay neuron, it crosses another synapse (5) and travels down a motor neuron (6) which stimulates a muscle to contract (7) (e.g. jerking movement of the hand). Hormonal control 14-Features of hormones 15- What releases hormones directly into the blood stream and why? 16- How are hormones perceived by the target tissue? 17- Why are hormones ignored by non-target tissues? 18- Which organ detects changes in blood glucose level? 19- How and where is glucose stored in the body? 20- Explain the role of insulin in the control of blood glucose levels. 21- Explain the role of glucagon in the control of blood glucose levels. 22- What can happen if blood glucose levels are not controlled? (2 answers) 23- What is diabetes? 24- Consequences of diabetes 25- Treatment of diabetes 26- Give two reasons for the recent increase in the number of people with diabetes in Scotland - Chemical messengers - Made of protein - Carried in the blood Endocrine glands release hormones in the blood stream so that they can travel to target tissues. Cells have receptors on their surface. Because non-target tissues don’t have receptors for them. The pancreas. As glycogen (many glucose molecules chemically bound) in the liver. When blood glucose level increases, the pancreas releases more insulin, which travels to the liver where it activates enzymes in the liver cells to convert glucose into glycogen. When the blood glucose level decreases, the pancreas releases more glucagon, which travels to the liver where it activates enzymes in the liver cells to convert glycogen into glucose. - it is important to control blood glucose levels since, if they are high, they can cause damage to blood vessels and affect the functioning of the eyes and kidneys in particular. - uncontrolled blood glucose levels can cause problems with osmosis in cells. A communication pathway that has failed due to a fault in release or a failure to respond to insulin High blood glucose levels (see above n.22) Injections of insulin to help the uptake of glucose from the blood to the cells. - Poor diet - Lack of exercise