Download Mood Disorders

Mood Disorders
Kimberley Clow
[email protected]
http://instruct.uwo.ca/psychology/155b/
Outline
What are mood disorders?
Depression
Mania
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Causes
Treatment
Thoughts…
 Have you ever felt sad, pessimistic, or worthless?
 Have you ever felt like a failure?
 Last year, there were 6,303,776 injuries causing
limitations to normal activity for people aged 20-34
 Divorce rates are on the rise
1/1000 divorce in the first year
5.1% in the second year
17% in the third year
23.6% in the fourth year
The Moods
 Depression
A low, miserable,
unhappy mood
Feelings of
worthlessness, and
pessimism
Altered sleep and
appetite
Inability to experience
pleasure
 Mania
Extremely high or
agitated mood
Person feels
excessively and
unrealistically positive
Feelings of elation and
a strong sense of
pleasure
Grandiose ideas
Hyperactive
Depression
 Depressing Facts
1 in 5 adults will experience
depression
 Emotional Symptoms
Depressed or Dysphoric Mood
Anhedonia
 Physical Symptoms
Somatic Complaints
Motor Retardation
Sleep Disturbances
Weight Loss
Cognitive Symptoms
Distorted Thinking
All or Nothing Thinking
Overgeneralization
Mental Filter
Disqualifying the Positive
Jumping to Conclusions
Emotional Reasoning
Personalization
Pessimistic, self-critical thinking often
leads to thoughts of suicide
Suicide
Different Types
Death Seekers
Death Initiators
Death Ignorers
Death Darers
Warning Signs
Gender Differences
Psychotic Symptoms
Seen in the most severely depressed
individuals
Delusions
Hallucinations
Relation to Depression
Mood Congruent
Symptoms are consistent with the person's
depressed thinking
Mood Incongruent
Symptoms are inconsistent with the person's
depressed thinking
Course of Major Depressive Disorder
The average duration of an untreated
episode of depression is between 8 and
10 months
Cyclical disorder
Rarely experience just 1 episode
The episode is usually triggered by a
major life stressor
Major depressive disorder can begin at
any age
Most typical during the mid-twenties
Variants
Dysthyic Disorder
Symptoms less severe
More chronic form of depression
Double Depression
Person suffers Dysthymia and Unipolar
Depression
Dysthymia develops first
Major Depressive episode occurs later
Mania
 The Facts
10-20% who suffer a depressive
episode develop bipolar disorder
Gender Differences
 Emotional Symptoms
Inflated Self-Esteem
Elation or Irritation
 Physical Symptoms
Decreased need for sleep
 Cognitive Symptoms
Distractible
Goal Directed Behaviour
Bipolar Disorder
Characterized by
Periods of depression alternating with mania
Bipolar I or Bipolar II
Possible
Mixed Episodes
Rapid Cycling
Variants
Hypomania
Cyclothymic
Bipolar vs. Depression
 Gender
Gender equality
 Age
Similar onset
 SES
High SES
 Stress
Little effect
 Gender
More women
 Age
Similar onset
 SES
Equal opportunity
 Stress
Triggers & Worsens
Biological Factors
 Depression and mania
tend to be episodic in
nature
 Many of the symptoms are
disruptions in vital bodily
functions
sleep, eating, and sexual
activity
 Disorders run in families
 Can be induced by drugs
Cognitive Behavioural Factors
Aaron Beck
Diathesis-Stress Model
Onset or relapse of depression is more
likely following a major loss
Death, divorce, loss of self-worth related to
unemployment
Trauma and stress not enough to predict
depression
Need to consider the context and the meaning
of the event
Supportive context vs lack of support
Catastrophic interpretations
Psychoanalysis
 Depression due to real or symbolic loss
Failure to properly grieve
 Caused by fixation in the oral stage
Treatment
Drug Therapy
Have you heard of Prozac or Paxil?
Alleviate Depression
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI)
Linked to suicide!
Have you heard of Lithium?
Alleviate Bipolar Disorder
Increases reuptake of norepinephrine
Toxic!
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
What Works Best?
120
100
CBT = Cognitive
Behavioural Therapy
80
60
40
20
0
Placebo
CBT +
Plac.
CBT
Alone
Drug
Alone
Drug +
CBT