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Ch 9 Notes Neuron Function Describe the neuron, the nerve impulse, and the synapse, and explain the components of a reflex arc Neuron - specialized cell that lies within the nervous system; conducts electrochemical signals along their length body - major portion of neuron axon - transmits signals to other structures (groups are nerves) dendrite - receive signals from other neurons 3 Classifications of Neurons Sensory Neurons - deliver a signal from a specialized receptor to the CNS. (force, light, sound, chemical) Interneurons - deliver a signal from one neuron to another Motor Neurons - deliver the signal from the CNS to the muscle or gland being stimulated for a response How does it work? Na ions are transferred out into extracellular fluid. K ions are transferred into cell within cytoplasm. This is threshold potential. The permeability of the cell membrane increases, allowing Na to rush into the cell. Cells interior takes a positive charge. (Called depolarization) Depolarization sweeps down the neuron, making the impulse or action potential. Neuron immediately begins to repolarize. K ions diffuse rapidly out of the cell. Normal resting potential is reached. Impulses are transmitted to other neurons by a synapse. Neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine (ACH) help. Brain Structure & Function Identify the major structures of the brain and name associated functions CNS = central nervous system; brain and spinal cord PNS = all nerves and neurons outside brain & spinal cord; throughout the body Cerebrospinal fluid = CSF = fluid that is produced by the brain and bathes the CNS Brain Structure/function: Cerebrum - largest and most prominent, controls voluntary movement and thought (divides into 2 halves or hemispheres) Cerebellum - provides coordination of movement Diencephalon - hormone secreting glands; thalamus and hypothalamus Brain stem - controls most functions necessary to maintain life (respiration) Anatomy and Function of the Spinal Cord Discuss the anatomy and function of the spinal cord Spinal Cord Structure/Function - link between PNS and brain Two nerve branches exit spinal cord at each vertebral segment (dorsal and ventral root) Dorsal root = carries sensory nerves. Ventral root = motor function Sensory Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems Sensory Somatic/Autonomic Nervous System = 2 divisions of PNS Sensory Somatic = operates all motor activity; includes receptors and neurons associated with detecting environmental changes Includes 12 pairs of cranial nerves that enter the brain directly; not the spinal cord. Control functions of structures within the head mostly. (Listed in figure 9-12 & 9-1) = NEED TO KNOW Autonomic Nervous = divides into sympathetic and parasympathetic; involuntary Controls internal conditions; glands, smooth muscle, cardia muscle Sympathetic = fight or flight (pupils dilate, bronchi dilate, increase heart rate, etc) Parasympathetic = opposite effects (slows HR, lowers blood pressure, etc) Types of Receptors - how nervous system detects changes Heat receptors - present in skin for external temp and within hypothalamus for internal changes Mechanoreceptors - detects pain and pressure. Pain is interpreted when the neurons receive a deep stimulus. Chemoreceptors - detect changes in water or salt concentrations, taste, smell... Vestibular receptors - detect sound Ocular receptors - sensitive to light; allow sight, dilation and constriction of pupils Clinical Practice Defects in the nervous system can be detected through physical examination. mental status - alert, depressed, coma, head tilt reflexes - evaluates cranial nerves menace - bring finger rapidly towards eye pupillary light reflex - shine light into pupil gag reflex - finger deep into mouth normal tongue strenth Neurological problems: seizures - excess firing of neurons; loss of balance to violent uncontrolled motor activity Listeriosis - infection seen in cattle/sheep/goats; bacteria infects brain; drooping eyelids to paralysis EPM (equine protozoal myeloencephalitis) - protozoa that invades brain and spinal cord; staggering to paralysis