Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
WAR, GLORY, AND DECLINE: THE PERSIAN WARS AND THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR (PART 1) ORIGINS OF THE PERSIAN WARS The greatest outside threat to the Greek city-states was the ___________________________________. At the time, the Persians were the __________________________________________ of the ancient world. Today in popular culture, they are given a pretty bad reputation. But who were they, really? The Persians were a very ____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________ culture that originated in what is present day Iran. However, the Persians were ruled by ____________________________________ who was viewed to be the embodiment of ____________________________________. The Persian Wars began when the Persian Empire conquered ____________________________________ ___________________________ in Asia Minor. Because the Greeks favored ___________________, and the Persians were ruled by an ________________, the Ionian Greeks despised living under Persian rule. As a result, the Ionians _______________________________________________________. Athens tried to __________________ their rebellion. The Persians eventually suppressed the bloody uprising, but did not forget the Athenians’ involvement. The Persian Emperor Darius thus sought to punish Athens. THE PERSIAN WARS: THE BATTLE OF MARATHON In 490 BC, the Persian army under Emperor Darius invaded Greece with 20,000 soldiers. • The Persians landed their forces at __________________________. The Persian army outnumbered the Athenian army __________________________________________________. After five days of a stalemate, the Persians decided to leave Marathon and _________________________. • They began boarding their ships, and the first ones to board were the ________________________. Realizing that the light Persian infantry now had no cavalry support, the Athenians made their move. • 10,000 heavily armored Athenian hoplites hit the Persian infantry in a _______________________. • With no cavalry support, the lightly armored Persian infantry proved to be no match for the Athenian phalanx. • The Persians were routed and forced to retreat. Marathon was an _______________________ for Athens, and an _____________________________ for Persia. THE PERSIAN WARS: THERMOPYLAE AND SALAMIS After Marathon, the Persians withdrew to Asia Minor. But they were far from finished. • 10 years later in 480 BC, a new army, under the command of the now emperor _______________, marched into Greece. • This massive new invasion army was ______________ strong. • The Persian army was so large, that it could not be supplied by land. As such, it was accompanied by a _______________________________ to provide __________________ and naval support. For all of Greece to survive the Persian threat, the Athenians knew that they could not stand alone. The Athenian general ______________________ devised a plan that he believed could defeat the Persians, but it would require the Greeks to do something they had never done before: _______________________. Themistocles was convinced that the Persians could be defeated by destroying their _________. Destroying the navy would _______________________________________________________________. • His two-part plan called for the Athenian Navy to face the Persian fleet • But the other part of his plan required a ground force to __________________________________ ____________________________. Their goal would be to _____________________________ long enough to prevent it from linking up with and __________________________________________. The ground force for the delaying tactic would be led by ________________________________________. • He and 7,000 soldiers (only 300 were Spartans) would have to stand firm against 200,000 Persians • Leonidas chose to make their stand at a narrow mountain pass called _______________________. For ___________________ Leonidas’ Greeks held the Persians at bay in the narrow mountain pass • However, a Greek traitor told the Persians of a hidden path that would allow the Persians to get behind and surround the Greeks. Realizing what was happening, Leonidas gave most of his men ___________________________________. • He and the 300 Spartans, however, would _______________________________________________ along with a contingent from Thespiae and Thebes • Leonidas and his men fought to the last, but _______________________________________. • Their heroic last stand gave the cities to the south enough time to evacuate, but more importantly provided inspiration and hope for all Greeks for the rest of the war The battle at Thermopylae also provided ___________________ with time he needed to put his naval plan into action. • Themistocles and the Athenian navy lured the much larger Persian navy into _________________ _________________________________________________. • The Persian ships, being ___________________________, could not maneuver in the strait • Meanwhile the smaller and faster Athenian ships easily maneuvered and _______________ ______________________________________________________________. • The victory at Salamis was so complete, that nearly the entire Persian fleet ______________ With the defeat of his navy, Xerxes _____________________ and returned to Persia, leaving much of his army behind. • Without adequate supplies, the remaining Persian army was _______________________________. • In uniting, the Greeks had defeated the Persians and maintained their freedom and independence. • However, the Persian Wars were the first, and only, time that the ancient Greeks would ever __________________. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: ORIGIN OF THE PERSIAN WARS: Who were the Persians? Why did the Persian Wars begin? THE PERSIAN WARS: The Battle of Marathon – What happened at this battle, and why is the battle significant? The Battle of Thermopylae – Who is Leonidas? What happened at this battle, and why is it significant? The Battle of Salamis – Who is Themistocles? What happened at this battle, and why is it significant