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Answer Key Interactive Reader and Study Guide 4. Both tell about Greek wars, but the Iliad uses poetry while Herodotus’s writings were prose, and the Iliad was at least partially made up of legends, while Herodotus tried to tell events as they actually happened. 5. They used balance, proportion, harmony, and clean, simple geometry. Chapter 6: Rome and Early Christianity CHAPTER SUMMARY 1. It was located in the center of the Mediterranean and it had access to trade routes. 2. These tribes forced the Roman empire to spend more money on the military, causing economic problems. The tribes eventually defeated the empire in the west. 3. Students’ responses may vary but some may cite Christianity because it spread throughout the world and endures today. 4. Possible response: Rome should have allied with the tribes to build a larger empire and given people their freedom so that they might cooperate more, preventing future civil wars. SECTION 4 Taking Notes Alexander’s empire: Greece, Persia, Egypt, Phoenicia, Central Asia Hellenistic world: dozens of cities established by Alexander, some turned into centers of trade or learning; influenced by Greek ideas, philosophy, art and architecture Section Summary 1. With his reorganized army and relative closeness to the Greek city-states, Phillip was able to invade and conquer quickly. 2. Students will underline: Greece, Asia Minor, Phoenicia, Egypt, Iraq, and Central Asia. 3. Possible answer: He wanted his empire to stay together and not be weakened by fighting between cultures that did not get along. 4. Some cities became trade centers, where goods and ideas like the teachings of Judaism were exchanged. Places that had been governed as democracies became monarchies. Women had access to education and could own property, which were new freedoms. 5. Cynics believed people should live according to nature, rejecting pleasure, wealth, and social responsibility. Epicureans believed people should seek pleasure and avoid pain. Stoics emphasized reason, self-discipline, emotional control and personal morality. SECTION 1 Taking Notes Origin: may have been founded by Romulus and Remus; built by the Latins; ruled by Etruscans from 600-605 BC Government: became a republic in 509 BC; Senate and consuls governed Rome under new constitution Expansion: Rome defeated Etruscans and southern Italy by 265 BC; seized Carthage life after the Punic Wars; controlled all of the Mediterranean by 133 BC Section Summary 1. Students should underline: “Its mountains provided protection from invaders and the coastline offer a rapid means of transportation via sea travel. Rich soil and a pleasant climate made it possible for many people to live there.” 2. by electing tribunes and forcing the patricians to write down all laws 3. Students should circle Senate, various assemblies, and magistrates. 4. Possible response: Because he valued his farm more than keeping his political power. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. 249 Teacher Management System Spanish/English Interactive Reader and Study Guide b. similar—forms of plays; different— tragedies focused on hardships of heroes; comedies exposed flaws in society c. possible answer—Both analyzed events. 3. a. scenes from every day life; on vases, plates, and other vessels b. to show beauty and grace c. possible answers—to represent the glory of Athens; to honor the gods 4. Epic—stories about great events and heoroes; Homer; Lyric poetry—poems dealing with emotions and desires; Sappho, Pindar; History—writing that analyzes the past; Herodotus, Thucydides; Xenophon; Drama—art of playwriting; Aeschuylus, Sophocles, Euripedes; Comedy—plays written to expose flaws of society; Aristophanes 5. Student letters should use reason to agree or disagree with Plato’s belief about philosophers Answer Key monarchies. Women had access to education and could own property, which were new freedoms. 5. Cynics believed people should live according to nature, rejecting pleasure, wealth, and social responsibility. Epicureans believed people should seek pleasure and avoid pain. Stoics emphasized reason, self-discipline, emotional control and personal morality. Section Assessment 1. a. Persia, Egypt, Phoenicia, Central Asia b. Thebes had rebelled. c. possible answer—He realized he could not conquer India with his frustrated army. 2. a. Greeklike; reflects cultural blending b. married Persian princesses; appointed officials from various cultures; encouraged Greeks to move c. ideal location for trade; busiest harbor 3. a. Cynincism—rejected ideas of pleasure, wealth, and social responsibility; Epicureanism—seek pleasure, close friendships, avoid pain; Stoicism— emphasized reason, self-discipline, emotional control, morality b. conveyed more emotion and movement c. possible answer—Euclid, because geometry has since been used in countless practical applications 4. Life—became king at age 20, died at age 33 without an heir; Career—built enormous empire; Legacy—encouraged blending of cultures 5. Student paragraphs should describe one incident in the life of Alexander, paying careful attention to detail and sequence. SECTION 4 Taking Notes Alexander’s empire: Greece, Persia, Egypt, Phoenicia, Central Asia Hellenistic world: dozens of cities established by Alexander, some turned into centers of trade or learning; influenced by Greek ideas, philosophy, art and architecture Section Summary 1. With his reorganized army and relative closeness to the Greek city-states, Phillip was able to invade and conquer quickly. 2. Students will underline: Greece, Asia Minor, Phoenicia, Egypt, Iraq, and Central Asia. 3. Possible answer: He wanted his empire to stay together and not be weakened by fighting between cultures that did not get along. 4. Some cities became trade centers, where goods and ideas like the teachings of Judaism were exchanged. Places that had been governed as democracies became Spanish SECCIÓN 1 Tomar notas primeros griegos: los micénicos fueron los primeros griegos, muy influenciados por la civilización anterior de los minoicos en Creta; trabajaban como comerciantes; guerreros Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. 333 Teacher Management System Spanish/English Interactive Reader and Study Guide Answer Key SECCIÓN 4 3. Las respuestas variarán. Posible respuesta: Las personas se identificaban con las luchas de las personas de la historia y reconocían los temas universales. También les gustaban las historias sobre los dioses en los que creían. 4. Ambas hablan sobre guerras griegas, pero la Ilíada usa poesía mientras que los escritos de Heródoto eran prosa, y la Ilíada estaba compuesta al menos parcialmente de leyendas, mientras que Heródoto intentó contar los sucesos tal como sucedieron. 5. Utilizaron el equilibrio, la proporción, la armonía y la geometría pura y simple. Tomar notas Imperio de Alejandro: Grecia, Persia, Egipto, Fenicia, Asia Central Mundo helenístico: docenas de ciudades establecidas por Alejandro, algunas se convirtieron en centros de comercio o de enseñanza; influenciado por las ideas, la filosofía, el arte y la arquitectura griegas Resumen de la sección 1. Como tenía a su ejército reorganizado y estaba relativamente cerca de las ciudadesestado griegas, Filipo pudo invadir y conquistar rápidamente. 2. Los estudiantes subrayarán: Grecia, Asia Menor, Fenicia, Egipto, Irak y Asia Central. 3. Posible respuesta: Quería que su imperio se mantuviera unido y no fuera debilitado por las luchas entre las culturas que no se llevaban bien. 4. Algunas ciudades se convirtieron en centros de comercio, donde se intercambiaban mercancías e ideas como las enseñanzas del judaísmo. Lugares que habían sido gobernados por democracias se convirtieron en monarquías. Las mujeres tenían acceso a la educación y podían poseer propiedades, que eran dos nuevas libertades. 5. Los cínicos creían que las personas debían vivir según la naturaleza, rechazando el placer, la riqueza y la responsabilidad social. Los epicúreos creían que las personas deben buscar el placer y evitar el dolor. Los estoicos enfatizaban la razón, la autodisciplina, el control emocional y la moralidad personal. Evaluación de la sección 1. a. haciendo preguntas b. porque eran los más calificados c. destacaba las observaciones cuidadosas y el pensamiento racional 2. a. un poeta; la Ilíada y la Odisea b. similares: tipos de obras de teatro; diferentes: las tragedias se concentraban en las dificultades de los héroes; las comedias exponían los defectos de la sociedad c. posible respuesta: Ambos analizaban sucesos. 3. a. escenas de la vida diaria; en jarrones, platos y otros recipientes b. mostrar belleza y gracia c. posibles respuestas: para representar la gloria de Atenas; para honrar a los dioses 4. Poema épico: historias sobre grandes sucesos y héroes; Homero; Poesía lírica: poemas que tratan las emociones y los deseos; Safo, Píndaro; Historia: escrito que analiza el pasado; Heródoto, Tucídides; Jenofonte; Teatro: arte de la dramaturgia; Esquilo, Sófocles, Eurípides; Comedia: obras de teatro escritas para exponer los defectos de la sociedad; Aristófanes 5. En sus cartas, los estudiantes deben utilizar la razón para decir si están de acuerdo o en desacuerdo con la creencia de Platón sobre los filósofos. Evaluación de la sección 1. a. Persia, Egipto, Fenicia, Asia Central b. Tebas se había rebelado. c. posible respuesta: Se dio cuenta de que no podría conquistar la India con su ejército frustrado. 2. a. parecido a los griegos; refleja la mezcla cultural Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. 336 Teacher Management System Answer Key Classical Greece 4. Eratosthenes 5. Hellenistic 6. Alexander the Great Vocabulary Builder SECTION 1 Answers will vary but should include definitions of four of the following terms: polis, acropolis, agora, helots, hoplites, hubris. Biography Alice Kober 1. Students might describe Kober’s lack of preparation or the shortage of paper during World War II. 2. Possible response: Given the situation, the type of work involved, and the fact that Kober’s analysis helped decipher the tablet, it would seem that she was right. 1. helots 2. polis 3. marketplace 4. a high area 5. foot soldiers 6. city-state 7. great pride ACTIVITY SECTION 2 Letters will vary but should reflect an understanding of the role of historical record in preserving memory and achieving understanding of ancient cultures. 1. Cleisthenes set the stage for Athenian democracy. He divided Athens into tribes based on where people lived and then made these tribes the basis for elections. Each tribe elected 50 men to serve on the council that proposed laws. 2. Pericles was an influential politician who was a great champion of democracy. He was also a great patron of the arts and commissioned the building of several monuments. 3. democracy 4. direct democracy 5. Solon 6. tyrant Solon 1. Solon’s rousing work “Salamis” eventually inspired Athenians to take back up the battle for Salamis. 2. Possible response: Poetry might have made his ideas more appealing and interesting to others. ACTIVITY Students should list the Seven Wise Men of Greece (Bias, Chilon, Cleobulus, Periander, Pittacus, Solon, and Thales) and their accomplishments. SECTION 3 Answers will vary but should be a summary of the section that includes six of the following terms: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, reason, logic, Homer, Herodotus, lyric poetry, Thucydides. Aristophanes 1. Aristophanes’ targets included the Peloponnesian War, Cleon, Socrates and the Sophists, and Euripides. 2. Possible response: Aristophanes seemed to be a popular playwright. Punishing him might have angered the public and created more trouble than it was worth. 1. F; Aristotle 2. T 3. F; Plato 4. poetry that tells stories 5. confusion; disordered thinking 6. appropriate ACTIVITY SECTION 4 Answers will vary. Students should use humor to critique a local issue or public official. 1. Archimedes 2. Alexander the Great 3. Euclid Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Full Survey Chapter 5 24 Classical Greece Answer Key Classical Greece Chapter Test, Form A from studying tombs. The Shang believed in an afterlife. They consulted their ancestors using oracle bones. Shang writing appears on the bones. Wealthy Shang hunted for sport and collected expensive objects made of bronze or jade. 7. New Kingdom Egyptians were surrounded by desert. Where possible they used waterways such as the Nile, Euphrates or sea to transport trade goods. They used overland routes where the Nile was obstructed by cataracts. 1. b 2. a 3. a 4. d 5. c 6. b 7. c 8. e 9. h 18. Mycenaeans 19. agora 20. direct democracy 21. Peloponnesian War 22. Plato 23. Euripides 24. Phillip II 25. Hellenistic Chapter 5: Classical Greece Section Quiz SECTION 1 1. F; The Mycenaean civilization developed after the Minoan civilization. 2. T 3. F; A polis was built around a high area called an acropolis. 4. T 5. T Chapter Test, Form B Possible responses: 1. The Mycenaean and Minoan civilizations were two distinct civilizations that developed in early Greece. The Minoan civilization was based on the island of Crete. The later Mycenaean civilization had cities on the Greek mainland. Mycenaeans copied Minoan writing to develop their own writing system. Both the Mycenaeans and the Minoans were great traders. However, Mycenaean society was dominated by competition, war, and powerful kings. Eventually, the Mycenaeans conquered the Minoans. Historians consider the Mycenaeans the first Greeks. 2. Athens became the leading city-state after the Greek victory in the Persian Wars. It was the head of the Delian League, and controlled the league’s ships and money. Athens would not allow league members to quit. Over time the league turned into an Athenian empire. Athens used the league’s treasury to rebuild the city with grand public buildings. In addition, Pericles, who led the city-state for many years, was a great patron of the arts. SECTION 2 1. Athens 2. people 3. Draco 4. Solon 5. tyrant 6. Persians 7. Peloponnesian 8. Pericles 9. sea 10. Macedonia SECTION 3 1. b 2. e 3. m 4. c 5. a 10. c 11. k 12. a 13. m 14. i 15. d 16. g 17. j 6. g 7. k 8. d 9. f 10. i SECTION 4 1. T 2. F; Kingdoms replaced city-states. 3. T 4. F; There were tremendous advances in science and technology. 5. T Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Full Survey Chapter 5 24 Classical Greece Answer Key Classical Greece Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Full Survey Chapter 5 25 Classical Greece