Download History/Timelines of DSM - American Psychiatric Nurses Association

APNA 27th Annual Conference
Session 1035: October 9, 2013
History/TimelinesofDSM
Halter 2013
Conflict of Interest
0 The speakers have no conflicts of interest to disclose
0 The speakers will not be discussing off‐label uses
BeforetheDSM
0 1840USCensus:insaneandidiots
0 1880USCensus:mania,melancholia,
monomania,dementia,dipsomania
0 1890Kraepelinorganized
psychopathologyincludingdementia
praecoxandmanic‐depression
0 1893InternationalClassificationof
Disease(ICD)
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Objectives
0 Describethehistory/timelineoftheDiagnosticand
StatisticalManual(DSM)
0 ComparetheDSM‐IV‐TRorganizationalstructure
withtheorganizationalstructureoftheDSM‐5
0 Describemajorchangestospecificdiagnostic
categoriesandspecificdisorders
0 Identifytheroleofpsychiatricnursesinthe
developmentoftheDSM‐5
0 1918AmericanMedico‐Psychological
Association(formerAPA),Statistical
ManualfortheUseofInstitutionsfor
theInsane with22categories
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation,1918
Halter 2013
DSM‐I1952
0 DirectedbyWilliamC.
Menninger,apsychiatristand
brigadiergeneral
0 Focusontreatmentofsoldiers
0 70termsused“Reaction,”e.g.,
SchizophrenicReaction
0 Controversyaboutbeing
psychoanalytic– usedthe
termunconsciousafewtimes
vs.“codifiedFreudianideas”
106diagnoses, 130pages,
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Halter, Limandri
Halter 2013
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation,1952
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APNA 27th Annual Conference
Session 1035: October 9, 2013
DSM‐II1968
DSM‐52013
0 Arabicnumberstoclarify
onlinerevisions(DSM‐5.1,
DSM‐5.2,etc.)
0 Basedonpsychoanalytic
principles
0 Goalofusingtermsthatcoincided
withICD‐8
0 Goaltodecreasenumberof
disorders(297DSM‐IV‐TR)
0 Removedall“reactions”
0 Aboutthesamenumberof
waystosay“You’renotokay”
0 A1974revisionreplaced
homosexualitywithegodystonic
homosexuality
0 Psychobiologicaldysfunction
replacesbehavioral,
psychological,biological
dysfunction
0 Gapbetweenneurosisand
psychosis
182diagnoses, 134pages,
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Halter 2013
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation,1968
300+diagnoses,991
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation,2013
pages
Timeline
DSM‐III1980
0 1999‐2007:DevelopmentofDSM‐5Pre‐Planningwhitepapers,
0 2004‐2007:APA/NIH/WHOglobalresearchplanningconferences.
0 5axis
0 2006‐2008:Chairs,workgroupchairs,andmembersare
appointedandannounced
0 TermsmadeconsistentwiththeICD
0 Listedsymptomsratherthancauses
– banishedneurosis
0 April2010– February2012:Fieldtrialtesting
0 Vastincreaseinbackground
information
0 Spring2012:Revisionspostedandopentoathirdpublicfeedback
0 October2011‐April2012:Dataanalysisoffieldtrials
fortwomonths;furtheredits
0 December31,2012:Published
0 PTSDadded
0 May18‐22,2013:Released
0 1987egodystonichomosexuality
removed
265diagnoses,494pages
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation,1980
Halter 2013
DSM‐IV1994
DSM‐IV‐TR2000
0 Symptomsthatcaused
0
0
0
0
“clinicallysignificantdistress”
included
RetainedFreudian‐based
termssuchasfetishism
Greaterinternational
involvementandconsultation
withotherdisciplines
Clientcentered– patientwith
schizophrenia
ManyNOSandco‐morbidities
297diagnoses,886pages
297diagnoses,943pages
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation,1994
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation,2000
Halter 2013
Halter, Limandri
duringtheAPA’s2013Annual
MeetinginSanFrancisco,CA
Halter 2013
SomeofAPA’sSellingPoints
0 Evidencebased(20years)
0 Morein‐linewithInternationalClassificationofDisease
(ICD)
0 Categoriesorderedbasedonrelatedness
0 Neurodevelopmentalapproachwithincategories
0 Recognizestheinfluenceofgenderandcultureonthe
presentationofpsychiatricillness
0 Dimensionalassessments
0 Severityratingforsymptomsspecifictodiagnosis
0 Severityofsymptomsthatarepresentacrossmultiple
disorders(e.g.,suiciderisk,anxiety)
0 Biomarkersforsomediagnoses(e.g.,
narcolepsy/hypocretindeficiency)
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AxisI,II,III,IV,V
Neurodevelopmental
Disorders
“NoScientificBasis”
DSM‐IV‐TR
0 AxisI: Majormental
disorders
0 AxisII: Personality
disordersandintellectual
disabilities
0 AxisIII: Acutemedical
conditions
0 AxisIV: Environmental
factorscontributingtothe
disorder
0 AxisV: GlobalAssessment
ofFunctioningScale
DSM‐5
0 Simpler:CollapseI,II,and
IIIandputtogethertoalign
withICDcodes
0 Morecomplex:ChangeIV
tomatchICDcodes– 15p.
checklist
0 Functioning:WorldHealth
Organization’sDisability
AssessmentSchedule
(WHODAS)
Formerlyknownas
DisordersUsuallyFirst
EvidentinInfancy,
Childhood,and
Adolescence
0 IntellectualDevelopmental
Disorder(formerlymental
retardation)
0 CommunicationDisorders
0 AutismSpectrumDisorder
0 Attention
Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder
0 LearningDisorders
0 MotorDisorders
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ChangestoSpecificDiagnostic
CategorieswithintheDSM‐5
Steinberg, M. 2013
AutismSpectrumDisorders
AutisticDisorder,Asperger’sDisorder,Childhood
DisintegrativeDisorder,andPervasiveDevelopmental
DisorderNOS
Specifiers:Rett Syndrome,FragileX,Asperger’s
LevelsofSupport:
I. Requiressupport
II. Requiressubstantialsupport
III. Requiresvery substantialsupport
SymptomOnset(previouslyage3):
Begininearlychildhood,butmaynotbemanifestuntil
socialdemandsexceedcapacity(e.g.adolescence).
Brumpbm,2011
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CategoriesofDisorders
1. Neurodevelopmental
11. Elimination
12. Sleep‐Wake
2. SchizophreniaSpectrum
13. SexualDysfunctions
3. BipolarandRelated
14. GenderDysphoria
4. Depressive
15. Disruptive,ImpulseControl,
5. Anxiety
andConduct
6. Obsessive‐Compulsive
16. SubstanceUseandAddictive
7. TraumaandStressor 17. Neurocognitive
8. Dissociative
18. Personality
9. SomaticSymptom
19. Paraphilias
10. FeedingandEating
20. OtherDisorders
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Attention
Deficit/Hyperactivity
Disorder
DSM‐5
DSM‐IV‐TR
Hyperactive‐impulsive
orinattentivesymptoms
thatcausedimpairment
werepresentbeforeage
7
Raisingtheageofonsetbefore
age12:
“…triggerafadofAdultAttention
DeficitDisorderleadingto
widespreadmisuseofstimulant
drugs.”
~AllenFrances
ProfessorEmeritus,
DukeUniversity
ChairofDSM‐IVTaskForce
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SchizophreniaSpectrumDisorders
0 SubstanceInducedPsychotic
Disorder
0 SchizotypalPersonality
Disorder
0 CatatonicFeaturesSpecifier
0 Schizophrenia
0 CatatoniaDisorderDueto
AnotherMedicalCondition
0 SchizoaffectiveDisorder
0 Schizophreniform
Disorder
0 DelusionalDisorder
BipolarandRelatedDisorders
MixedEpisodes
DSM‐IV
BipolarIMixedEpisode
Simultaneouspresenceof:
1. fullymanicsyndrome
2. fullydepressive
syndromeforatleast4
days
DSM‐5
Mixedspecifier formajor
depression,hypomania,or
mania
Simultaneouspresenceof:
1. 2to3manicorhypomanic
symptoms
2. fullydepressivesyndrome
0 BriefPsychoticDisorder
foratleast2‐3days
0 PsychoticDisorderDueto
AnotherMedicalCondition
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NationalParkService,2013
SchizophreniaSpectrum
AttenuatedPsychosisSyndromeControversy
Pro:Peoplewithearlypsychotic‐likesymptomsareoften
diagnosedasdepressedoranxious.Earlydetectionof
symptomsandtreatmentcanreduceseverityanddisability
VS
Con:Ambiguousdiagnosisresultsinunnecessaryalarmand
stigmatization;earlyantipsychotictreatmentnothelpfulin
thelong‐termandexposespeopletounnecessary
antipsychotictherapy
Halter 2013
Depressive
Disorders
Previouslylistedinthe
MoodDisorderChapter
alongwithBipolar
Disorders
0 DisruptiveMood
DysregulationDisorder
(oldchildhoodbipolar,
onsetbeforeage10)
0 MajorDepressiveDisorder
(singleandrecurrent)
0 DysthymicDisorder
0 PremenstrualDysphoric
Disorder(new)
0 SubstanceInduced
DepressiveDisorder
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BipolarandRelatedDisorders
Formerly
listedunder
Mood
Disorders
Increased
energy/activity
hasbeen
addedasacore
symptomof
manicand
hypomanic
episodes
0 BipolarIDisorder
0 BipolarIIDisorder
0 CyclothymicDisorder
0 SubstanceInduced
BipolarDisorder
0 BipolarDisorder
Associatedwith
AnotherMedical
Condition
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Halter, Limandri
DisruptiveMood
DysregulationDisorder
For
Dvorsky,2012
Against
0 Childrenarebeingwrongly 0 Pathologizingtemper
tantrums
diagnosedwithbipolar
0 Increasestheunnecessary
disorder
useofmedication
0 Accuratetreatmentis
0 Oppositionaldefiantdisorder
withheld
alreadycoversthisproblem
0 Powerfulandunnecessary 0 “Fightingafirewith
medicationisbeingused
kerosene.”
Severerecurrenttemperoutburststhataregrosslyoutof
proportioninintensityordurationtothesituation.
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APNA 27th Annual Conference
Session 1035: October 9, 2013
MedicalizingGrief
TraumaandStressor‐Related
Disorders(new)
RemovingtheBereavement
Exclusion
Against
0 Losingalovedoneis
essentiallydifferentthan
otherstressors.
0 Adiagnosisimpairsthe
normal,dignifiedprocessof
0 Treatmentdelayforsevere
griefandtheusualreliance
griefincreasestheriskof
onculturalrituals
sufferingandimpairment. 0 Avariationofnormalgrief
0 Criteriaforgriefcouldbe
wouldresultinamental
disorderlabeland
tightenedtoreducefalse
unnecessarytreatment.
positives.
For
0 Losingalovedoneis
similartoother
losses/stressorsinlife.
0 ReactiveAttachmentDisorder
0 DisinhibitedSocialEngagement
Disorder(new)
0 AcuteStressDisorder
0 PostTraumaticStressDisorder
0 Agessixandup
0 Subtypeforpre‐sixyearolds
0 AdjustmentDisorder(maybe
relatedtobereavement)
WikipediaCommons
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AnxietyDisorders
DissociativeDisorders
Changes:
0 Depersonalization‐
DerealizationDisorder
0 AgoraphobiaacategoryseparatefromPanicDisorder
0 Obsessive‐CompulsiveDisorderwasmovedintoitsown
0 DissociativeAmnesia
chapter(next)
0 DissociativeIdentity
Disorder
0 PosttraumaticStressDisorderaddedtoTraumaand
StressorRelatedDisorders
0 SeparationAnxiety 0 SpecificPhobia
Disorder(notjustfor0 GeneralizedAnxiety
kidsanymore!)
Disorder(physicalsx
0 Panic
0 Agoraphobia
loweredfrom6‐2)
0 SocialAnxietyDisorder
Steinberg,2008
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Halter 2013
Obsessive
Compulsive
Disorders
0 Obsessive‐CompulsiveDisorder
SomaticSymptomDisorders
0 Formerlylistedwithanxiety
disorders
0 BodyDysmorphicDisorder
0 Formerlylistedwithsomatoform
disorders
0 HoardingDisorder(new)
Dvorsky,2012
Formerlyknownas
Somatoform
Disorders– all
disordersinthisgroup
havephysical
symptomsand/or
concernaboutmedical
illness
0 HairPullingDisorder
(trichotillomania)
0
0
0
0 SkinPicking(excoriation)
Disorder(new)
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Halter, Limandri
0 SomaticSymptomDisorder‐
0
replacesSomatizationDisorder,
UndifferentiatedSomatoform
Disorder,andPainDisorder
IllnessAnxietyDisorder
(Hypochondriasis)
FunctionalNeurological
SymptomDisorder
(ConversionDisorder)
PsychologicalFactors
AffectingMedicalCondition
FactitiousDisorder
WikipediaCommons
SantaClaraProductions,1960
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APNA 27th Annual Conference
0 Pica
Session 1035: October 9, 2013
Disruptive,Impulse
Control,andConduct
Disorders
Feedingand Eating
Disorders
0 BulimiaNervosa
0 RuminationDisorder
Photobucket
0 BingeEatingDisorder(new–
0 Avoidant/RestrictiveFood movedfromappendix)– one
IntakeDisorder(formerlya eatingbingeperweekfor
childhooddisorder)
threemonths
0 AnorexiaNervosa
EliminationDisorders
0 Enuresis
0 Encopresis
Hoffman,2009
WikimediaCommons
Formerlylistedin
DisordersUsually
FirstDiagnosedin
Infancy,Childhood,
orAdolescenceand
ImpulseControl
DisordersNot
ElsewhereClassified
0 InsomniaDisorder(Primary
0 DisorderofArousal(Sleep
0
0 NightmareDisorder(Dream
0
0
0
0
Terror)
Anxiety)
0 RapidEyeMovementSleep
BehaviorDisorder(new)
0 RestlessLegsSyndrome
(new)
0 Substance
Induced
Sleep
Disorder
0 Bigchange:
SubstancesAND
non‐substances
0 Abusevs.
Dependence:
categories
arbitrary
0 Mild,Moderate,
andSevere
0 Reducednumberof
symptomsfordx
Halter 2013
0 Alcohol‐RelatedDisorders
0 Caffeine‐RelatedDisorders
0 Cannabis‐RelatedDisorders
0 Hallucinogen‐RelatedDisorders
0 Inhalant‐RelatedDisorders
0 Opioid‐RelatedDisorders
0 Sedative‐hypnotic‐Related
Disorders
0 Tobacco‐RelatedDisorders
Binge‐Drinking=
Alcoholism
0 ErectileDisorder
0 DelayedEjaculation
Photobucket
0 FemaleOrgasmicDisorder
0 FemaleSexual
Interest/ArousalDisorder,
0 Genito‐Pelvic
0 FemaleOrgasmicDisorder
Pain/PenetrationDisorder
GenderDysphoria(not‘Disorder’)
0 GenderDysphoriainChildren
0 GenderDysphoriainAdolescentsandOlderAdults
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Halter, Limandri
(AntisocialPersonalityDisorder)
Halter 2013
Sexual
Dysfunction
0 MaleHypoactiveSexual
DesireDisorder
(6+years)
0 ConductDisorder
0 CallousandUnemotionalSpecifier
0 LimitedProsocial Emotions
Specifier
0 DyssocialPersonalityDisorder
0 GamblingDisorder
WhitePackert/GettyImages
0 EarlyEjaculation
0 IntermittentExplosiveDisorder
SubstanceUseand
AddictiveDisorders
(formerlySleepDisorders)
insomnia)
HypersomnolenceDisorder
(PrimaryHypersomnia)
Narcolepsy/Hypocretin
Deficiency
ObstructiveSleepApnea
HypopneaSyndrome(new)
CentralSleepApnea(new)
SleepRelated
Hypoventilation(Sleep‐Wake
ScheduleDisorder)
CircadianRhythmSleepWake
Disorder
0 OppositionalDefiantDisorder
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Halter 2013
Sleep‐WakeDisorders
0
Photobucket
For
0 Earlierinterventionscouldnip
probleminthebud
WikimediaCommons
Against
0 31%ofallcollegestudentscould
belabeledalcoholic
occurring
0 Onestudysuggeststhattherewill
0 Savemoneyinthelong‐runby
be60%morealcoholicdiagnoses
reducingdisability
withthenewcriteria
0 Scarceresourcescouldbetaxed
Substance UseDisorder
further
Severity Scale
0 Stigmatizing
0‐1criterion: Nodiagnosis
0 Obliteratesdistinctionbetween
2‐3criteria: Mild
“problemdrinkers”andalcoholics
4‐5criteria: Moderate
0 Stopphysicalproblemsfrom
6+criteria: Severe
WikimediaCommons
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APNA 27th Annual Conference
Session 1035: October 9, 2013
NeurocognitiveDisorders
OtherDisorders
0 Delirium
0 MildNeurocognitiveDisorders– Modestcognitivedecline,
0 Non‐SuicidalSelfInjury
Disorder– 5xinoneyear
intentionalself‐inflicted
damagetothesurfaceof
thebody (new)
functionswitheffort.
0 MajorNeurocognitiveDisorders– Substantialcognitive
decline,independencenotpossible
MildandMajortypes:
Alzheimer’s,Vascular,
Frontotemperoral,
TraumaticBrainInjury,
LewyBody,Parkinson’s,
HIV,SubstanceInduced,
Huntington’s,Prion
NationalInstitutesofHealth
0 SuicidalBehavior
Disorder– withinthelast
twoyearsinitiateda
behaviorintheexpectation
thatitwouldleadtothe
individual’sowndeath
(new)
Photobuckett
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Bacweb.org
Paraphilias
PreviouslyintheSexual
andGenderIdentity
chapter
Addsrisk‐assessing
specifiers:
• InaControlled
Environment
• In Remission(no
distress,impairment,
orrecurringbehavior
for fiveyears inan
uncontrolled
environment)
0 ExhibitionisticDisorder
0 FetishisticDisorder
SuicidalBehavior
Disorder
Forthediagnosis
0 PedophilicDisorder(formerly
pedophilia
0 Createsawaytotrack
0 SexualMasochismDisorder
0 Distinguishesa
0 SexualSadismDisorder
0 TransvesticDisorder
0 VoyeuristicDisorder
suiciderisk
disorderfroma
“symptom”
0 Distinguishesbetween
self‐injuryandsuicidal
actions(DSM‐IV‐TRdid
not)
Againstthediagnosis
0 Wedon’tneedit.
0 Givesanotherstigmato
labelapatientwith
0 Arepeoplesuicidal
withoutother
symptoms?
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Halter 2013
PersonalityDisorders
TransitioningtotheDSM‐5
DSM‐IV‐TR
DSM‐5
0 Pervasivepatternof
0 Impairedsenseofself‐
thinking/emotionality/beh
identityorfailureto
aving
developeffective
0 Ten personalitytypes:
interpersonal
antisocial,avoidant,
functioning
borderline,obsessive‐
0 Six personalitytypes:
compulsive,schizotypal
antisocial/psychopathic,
paranoid,schizoid,
avoidant,borderline,
narcissistic,histrionic,
narcissistic,obsessive‐
dependent, andanot
compulsive,and
otherwisespecified
category
schizotypaltypes
0 Cliniciansbeganusing
thediagnosticcodesin
May2013
0 Insurancecompanies
willmakethetransition
byDecember31,2013
0 Insurerscandecideto
coverornotcover
diagnoses
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Halter, Limandri
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APNA 27th Annual Conference
NormalBehaviorasa
Diagnosis?
0 GriefisnowMajor
DepressiveDisorder
0 Medicalillnessis
SomaticSymptom
Disorder
0 Everydayworriesare
nowGeneralized
AnxietyDisorder
0 Forgettingofoldageis
MildNeurocognitive
Disorder
0 Beinggeekysmartmakes
youAutistic
0 GorgingisBinge‐Eating
Disorder
0 Behavioraladdictionsopen
thedoorforshopping
addiction,sun
tanning,
etc.
Session 1035: October 9, 2013
RemovingtheAxes:
ReducedStigma?
0 Personalitydisorders
(AxisII)nolongera
separateaxis
0 Psychiatricdisorders
(AxisI)and“physical”
disorders(AxisIII)
blended
NCAAD,2013
Halter 2013
Halter 2013
EasiertoGainDiagnoses
0 Attentiondeficit
hyperactivitydisorder
0 Bipolarmixed
0 Bereavementexclusion
0 Generalizedanxiety
disorder
0 Somaticsymptom
disorder
0 Firsttimesubstance
abusers
0 Binge‐drinking
0 Binge‐eating
Couldinflationofdiagnoses
resultindecreasedstigma?
NoFundingforDSM
BasedResearch
April29,2013
0 “WhileDSMhasbeendescribedasa‘Bible’…itis,
atbest,adictionary.”
0 DSMisfairlyreliable(cliniciansusethesameterms
inthesameway),butlacksvalidity(notbasedon
well‐foundedevidence)
0 Symptomsdictatediagnosesintheabsenceof
evidenceofdisease
0 ResearchDomainCriteria(RDoC):Adecade‐long
projecttodevelopanewclassificationsystem
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Halter 2013
DoesChangingtheLabel
ReduceStigma?
0 MentalRetardation…IntellectualDevelopmentalDisorder
0 GenderIdentityDisorder…GenderDysphoria
0 Dementia….MildandMajorNeurocognitiveDisorders
Arosebyanyothername….
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Halter, Limandri
PsychiatricNursesinthe
DevelopmentoftheDSM‐5
0 Compiledcommentsfrom
theAmericanPsychiatric
NursesAssociation’s
(APNA)membership
“Recruitmentofavolunteer
Recruitmentofavolunteer
sampleofclinicians,
sampleofclinicians,
consistingofpsychiatrists,
consistingofpsychiatrists,
psychologists,licensed
psychologists,licensed
clinicalsocialworkers,
clinicalsocialworkers,
licensedcounselors,licensed
licensedcounselors,and
marriageandfamily
therapists,andadvanced
licensedmarriageand
practicepsychiatric‐mental
familytherapists.”
healthnurses.”
0 APNAsoughtand
gainedmember
inclusioninclinical
fieldtrials
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APNA 27th Annual Conference
PsychiatricNursesandthe
ImplementationoftheDSM
SanFrancisco‐ Train‐the‐
Trainer,May20,2013
Session 1035: October 9, 2013
SelectedAssessment
Measures
0 Clinician‐RatedScales:
0 SeverityofAutism&CommunicationDisorders
0 DimensionsofPsychosisSeveritySymptoms
0 SeverityofSomaticSymptoms
0 SeverityofConduct&OppositionalDefiantDisorders
0 SeverityofNonsuicidal Self‐Injury
Halter 2013
SelectedAssessment
Measures
SelectedAssessment
Measures
0 CulturalFormulationInterviews
0 LevelofPersonalityFunctioningScale
0 WHODisabilityAssessmentSchedule2.0
0 Maybeusedasoutcomemeasurefortreatment
planning
0 CoordinatewiththeRecoveryModel
0 Periodicreassessment
0 Disorder‐SpecificSeverityMeasures:Adult,Child11‐
17years
0 PersonalityTraitRatingForm
SelectedAssessment
Measures
0 Level1Cross‐CuttingSymptomMeasures
0 Self‐RatedAdult&Child6‐17years
0 Parent/Guardian‐RatedChild6‐17years
0 Level2Cross‐CuttingSymptomMeasures
Depression
Anger
Mania
Anxiety
Irritability(Child)
Halter, Limandri
SomaticSymptoms
SleepDisturbance
RepetitiveThoughts&Behaviors
SubstanceUse
Inattention(Child)
0 PersonalityInventoryforDSM5
AlternativeModelfor
PersonalityDisorders
0 CriteriaA:LevelofPersonalityFunctioning
• Identity
• Empathy
• Self‐direction
• Intimacy
0 CriteriaB:PathologicalTraits
0 CriteriaC&D:Pervasiveness&Stability
0 CriteriaE,F,&G:AlternativeExplanationsfor
pathology
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APNA 27th Annual Conference
Session 1035: October 9, 2013
References(2of5)
0 AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.(2012a).AmericanPsychiatric
0
0
0
0
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation,2013
Halter 2013
References
0 AmericanPsychiatricAssociation(2013).Diagnostic
andStatisticalManualofMentalDisorders,5th edition.
Washington,D.C.:AmericanPsychiatricPubl,Inc.
0 Nussbaum,A.M.(2013).ThePocketGuidetotheDSM‐5
DiagnosticExam.Washington,D.C.:American
PsychiatricPubl,Inc.
AssociationBoardofTrusteesApprovesDSM‐5(PressRelease).
Retrievedfrom
http://www.psychiatrictimes.com/all/editorial/psychiatrictimes
/pdfs/2012‐apa‐dsm5‐final.pdf
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.(2012b).DSM‐5development:
Frequentlyaskedquestions.Retrievedfrom
http://www.dsm5.org/about/pages/faq.aspx
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.(2013).DSM‐5.Retrievedfrom
http://www.psychiatry.org/dsm5.
Blumpbm.(2011).DSM‐V‐Nameadisorderwinaprize:Thenew
DSM‐5.Retrievedfrom
http://prescriptiondrugproblems.com/videos‐prescription‐
drug‐problems.htm
Carpenter,W.T.,&vanOs,J.(2011).Shouldattenuatedpsychosis
syndromebeaDSM‐5diagnosis?AmericanJournalofPsychiatry,
168,460‐463.doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.10121816
Halter 2013
References(3of5)
0 Dvorsky,G.(2012).Everythingyouneededtoknowaboutthe
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation’supdatedguidelines.Retrieved
fromhttp://ieet.org/index.php/IEET/more/dvorsky20121208
0 Frances,A.(2012,December3).DSMisaguidenotaBible:
Simplyignoreitstenworstchanges.HuffingtonPost.Retrieved
fromhttp://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/dsm5‐in‐
distress/201212/dsm‐5‐is‐guide‐not‐bible‐ignore‐its‐ten‐worst‐
changes
0 Hoffman,D.(2009).Bedwettingblues.NBCNews.Retrievedfrom
http://www.nbcnews.com/id/29244829/ns/health‐
health_care/t/bed‐wetting‐blues‐millions‐adults‐suffer‐
too/#.Ugo_0lO9wRE
0 Margulies,D.M.,Weintraub,S.,Basile,J.,Grover,P.J.,&Carlson,
G.A.(2012).Willdisruptivemooddysregulationdisorderreduce
falsediagnosisofbipolardisorderinchildren?BipolarDisorder,
14(5),488‐96.doi:10.1111/j.1399‐5618.2012.01029.
0 NationalCouncilonAlcoholismandDrugDependence(NCADD).
(2013).Fivewaysyoucanreducestigma.Retrievedfrom
http://www.ncadd.org/index.php/get‐help/addiction‐
medicine/744‐five‐ways‐you‐can‐reduce‐stigma
Halter 2013
References
0 AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.(1918).Statisticalmanualforthe
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
useoftheuseofinstitutionsfortheinsane.NewYork,NY:Author
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.(1952).Diagnosticandstatistical
manualofmentaldisorders(1sted.).Washington,DC:Author.
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.(1968).Diagnosticandstatistical
manualofmentaldisorders(2nded.).Washington,DC:Author.
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.(1980).Diagnosticandstatistical
manualofmentaldisorders(3rded.).Washington,DC:Author.
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.(1987).Diagnosticandstatistical
manualofmentaldisorders(3rded.,revised).Washington,DC:
Author.
AmericanPsychiatricAssociation.(1994).Diagnosticandstatistical
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Session 1035: October 9, 2013
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